环境标准在环境监测部门的管理与受控

介绍了按信息分类编码的方式对环境标准分类管理的方法，根据惟一性、合理性、可扩充性、简单性、适用性和规范性原则，采用复合码的形式，将环境标准代码分为分类部分和标识部分，其中分类部分由环境标准分类号和环境要素代码组成，标识部分为该标准在此类环境标准中的登记顺序号。建议建立环境标准基本信息数据库和环境标准图片库，实现环境标准计算机检索与网上查询。结合实验室认可工作，提出了环境标准在环境监测部门的受控程序，明确了各职能科室、业务科室在该受控程序中的职责。     

新疆和田地区环境天然贯穿辐射水平的调查研究

进行了和田地区环境天然贯穿辐射水平的调查研究并得出结论。首次采用网格及加密布点的方法布点．对１０３个测点的原野、道路和建筑物室内进行了外照射贯穿辐射测量。和田地区及所辖各县（市）的外照射贯穿辐射和土壤中天然放射性核素含量属正常本底辐射水平。全地区原野、道路和建筑物室内的陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率（×１０－８Ｇｙ·ｈ－１）按网格的均值依次是５．６３±０．８２、５．６６±１．１６和１０．２３±１．０１，原野和室内陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率（×１０－８Ｇｙ·ｈ－１）的人口加权均值依次是６．１５±０．９３和１０．８７±１．３０；室外和室内贯穿辐射（不包括中子成分）致空气吸收剂量率（×１０－８Ｇｙ·ｈ－１）按网格（人口加权）的均值依次分别是１０．３７±１．１８（１０．５８±０．７５）和１４．５０±１．１７（１４．８３±１．１３）；天然贯穿辐射（不包括中子成分）所致居民人均年有效剂量当量为９４３．９３±６３．１６（μＳｖ），致居民年集体剂量当量为１０９６．５７±７３．３７（ｍａｎ·ＳＶ）。     

Building consensus on divisive issues: a case study of the Yukon wolf management team

This article presents a case study of a successful effort to reach agreement on one of the most intractable environmental issues of our time: wolf management. This case is unusual in several ways. In this case, the members of the negotiating team were ordinary citizens rather than leaders of organized groups. This team was given an unusually high level of authority to write the plan as they saw fit; the agency pledged to implement “whatever they came up with.” The agency convened the process, but agency personnel were not members of the team and attended only when they were invited. The team members were able to reach agreement on this tough issue even though polar opposites were at the table—one who felt that wolves are a “spiritual essence” and another who felt that, as he put it, “wolves, coyotes, and cockroaches have a lot in common”. They produced a detailed plan that addressed all the issues in just 5 months. Another unusual aspect of this effort is that the final agreement does not list the team members. They explained that they wanted their plan to “stand alone” and be judged based on what it said, not on who was involved.However, just after their agreement was completed, a new, pro-wolf control government was elected that refused to endorse the plan. While the government gave various reasons for not ratifying the plan, more and more diverse interest groups came out in support for both the plan and the process that created it. Eventually, overwhelming public support forced the government to sign and implement the plan as written. This demonstrates that, while it is important for a team to seek the sanction of decision-makers, it is perhaps even more important for the general public to see the effort and the final agreement as fair. Strong support from a broad spectrum of the public can help win the necessary political support.In addition to discussing the unorthodox aspects of this consensus-building effort, this article also attempts to give the reader a front row seat to this process by using the informants' own words—words rich in detail, brimming with color and spoken straight from the heart. Certainly their experience dispels any notion that such efforts are simply a matter of following a recipe. During the process, members of the negotiating team experienced the entire gamut of emotions—anger, defeat, humor and, finally, a genuine sense of pride. As team member Patty Denison put it, “We showed that a random group of people could work together and do something truly monumental.”     

Developing a risk-based maintenance model for a Natural Gas Regulating and Metering Station using Bayesian Network

During the last decades, the vital role of maintenance activities in industries including natural gas distribution system has cleared up progressively. High costs may induce to reduced maintenance and, in turn, lead to a lower availability and high risk of undesired events. Therefore, a probabilistic model, based on an acceptable level of risk, is required to avoid under and over estimation of maintenance time interval. This paper presents an advanced Risk-based Maintenance (RBM) methodology to optimize maintenance time schedule. Bayesian Network (BN) is applied to model the risk and the associated uncertainty. The developed method can assist the asset managers to work out the exact maintenance time for each component according to the risk level. To demonstrate and discuss the applicability of the methodology, a case study of Natural Gas Reduction and Measuring Station in Italy is considered. Results prove that the most critical components are the calculator and pilots, while the most reliable one is the odorization. Furthermore, the pressure and temperature gauge (PTG), the remote control system (RCS) and the meter are predicted as the components that require less time to transit from minor risk to catastrophic risk.     

兴隆山自然保护区优势植物的物候格局对气候变化的响应

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区地处青藏高原、黄土高原、蒙新高原交汇地带,区域内的植物物候变化对探索气候变化对该地区的生态影响有重要意义。本文对1951—2014年的气象数据进行了分析,结果表明:60年来,兴隆山地区的日均温呈逐年上升趋势,累积增温0.92℃,年降水量逐年下降,平均减少率为83.09 mm?(10a)~(-1)。通过对比2004—2007年和2012—2015年间两时间段内的鲜黄小檗(Berberis diaphana)等14种植物物种的开花等8种物候现象的发生时间发现,有42.86%的观测物种的物候存在显著差异,其中华北珍珠梅(Sorbaria kirilowii)、鲜黄小檗最为显著。鲜黄小檗物候期都呈推迟趋势。华北珍珠梅的春季物候期推迟,秋季物候期提前,其生长季减少率为15.49 d?a~(-1)。在保护区的植被管理实践中,应特别加强对华北珍珠梅的保育。     

发达国家和地区污染场地法律制度体系及启示

我国正在起草《土壤污染防治法》,这将为我国土壤、场地污染防治管理提供基本法律依据,并逐步建成完善的污染场地管理的法律制度体系。其中,监管体系、资金体系和责任体系是污染场地管理体系中的3大重要方面。美国、日本等发达国家和我国台湾地区在各自污染场地管理法律制度体系中,均规定了明确的监管主体,采用了多样化的监管手段,建立了可持续的污染场地专项基金,确定了明晰的责任判定和追究原则,为我国场地污染防治立法和制度设计中监管体系、资金体系和责任体系的建设提供了宝贵的借鉴。     

Limitations of current risk assessment methods to foresee emerging risks: Towards a new methodology?

The objective of this work-in-progress is to investigate the potentialities but also the limitations of traditional risks analysis tools especially in the context of emerging technologies and develop a method facilitating the early detection of scenarios of accidents. This is certainly a challenge particularly for new industrial fields since, in this case, very little or no lesson from past accidents is available. It is believed that such situations cannot be conveniently treated using traditional risk assessment methods (HAZOP, FMEA, …) and typical examples are given. The reason is that those methods rely heavily on past accidents and are therefore “trapped” in them so that they are largely “inductive”. In terms of foreseeing the future, the shortcomings of inductive methods are recalled. The possibility to imagine the future with very little clues is then discussed on the ground of theoretical consideration and a way to do so is proposed (abduction, serendipity). Then on the basis of the observation of how the experts work and how discoveries are made, a potential new methodology is outlined.     

A new technique helps to uncover unknown peptides and disinfection by-products in water

正Environmental water samples can be extremely complex,with potentially thousands of molecules that can derive from natural organic matter(NOM)and thousands that derive from anthropogenic contaminants.As complex as these samples are,drinking water can be even more complex.Due to disinfectants that are used to treat drinking water(e.g.,chlorine,chloramines,     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of habitat use by koalas: the checkerboard model

Animal movement patterns and use of space depend upon food and nonfood resources, as well as conspecific and heterospecific interactions, but models of habitat use often neglect to examine multiple factors and rarely include marsupials. We studied habitat use in an Australian population of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) over a 6-year period in order to determine how koalas navigate their environment and partition limited patchy food and nonfood resources. Tree selection among koalas appears to be mediated by folar chemistry, but nonfood tree selection exerts a major impact on home range use due to thermoregulatory constraints. Koalas moved on a daily basis, during both day and night, but daytime resting site was not necessarily in the same location as nighttime feeding site. Koalas had substantial home range overlap in the near absence of resource sharing with less than 1% of trees located in areas of overlap used by multiple koalas. We suggest that koala spatiotemporal distribution and habitat use are probably based upon a community structure of individuals, with a checkerboard model best describing overlap in home range area but not in resource use. Nonfood refugia and social networks should be incorporated into models of animal range and habitat use.     

浅议现代企业安全管理需要法治

简述了现代企业安全管理必须加强法制建设。只有逐步形成以法治为保障的安全管理模式，企业才能不断自我完善和发展。