Toward Environmental Management Systems in Australian Agriculture to Achieve Better Environmental Outcomes at the Catchment Scale

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are being trialed for Australian agricultural industries as society becomes more concerned about agricultures environmental performance. EMS is a structured approach used by farm businesses to assess, monitor, and improve environmental performance. Use of EMS in conjunction with other policy tools (such as financial incentives and regulation) in agriculture could enhance management of both on-farm and off-farm environmental issues. Based on the international standard ISO14001, EMS was designed to be applied at the individual business level. However, governments in Australia are exploring its potential to be applied at a catchment scale, among other things, for the purpose of linking farm-level actions to catchment targets. In Australia, governments and catchment management bodies are using Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) as the framework to try to achieve environmental targets set out in catchment plans. In this article, we compare aspects of the EMS and ICM frameworks and comment on the potential of using EMS to achieve catchment-scale environmental outcomes. We conclude that EMS could be a useful policy tool to improve farm management and to contribute, in part, to better off-site outcomes at the catchment/landscape scale. Recommendations on the use of EMS at the catchment scale are discussed. These include using an educational approach for EMS delivery, linking the EMS process to catchment targets, and ensuring catchment targets are realistic and achievable.     

劳动安全与卫生管理系统标准化及其对我国社会、经济发展的影响

论述了劳动安全与卫生管理系统标准化的由来及其发展状况，分析了管理标准化的作用及其可能对我国社会、经济发展所产生的正、负面影响，并就我国目前情况下如何开展劳动安全与卫生管理系统标准化工作提出了建议。     

煤矿井下作业场所粉尘浓度的法律管理

煤矿井下作业场所粉尘浓度管理标准的变动，会给煤矿的防尘工作带来很大影响。煤矿防尘工作的好坏主要取决于综合防尘措施的落实、防尘科技的发展状况以及与此相适应的法规标准。脱离实际的防尘标准，只能导致实际工作中的虚夸与浮躁，不利于防尘工作的正常开展     

保险,减灾与发展之关联及对策

通过对保险公司经营方式的分析，阐述了近年来自然灾害大幅度止升对保险业稳定发展的影响以及保险公司在减灾防灾中拥有的信息，人员，管理以及工作方式等方面的优势，并对保险公司与社各界的合作领域及内容提出了自己的见解。     

简析自然灾害地理研究的几个问题

在分析自然灾害地理研究中存在的问题和发展趋势的基础上，重点探讨了自然灾害地理研究的层次，并提出了自然灾害地理研究重点区域及重点研究领域等问题。     

长江口未来环境演变的若干影响因子及减灾对策

三峡水库建成、南水北调逐步实施和沿江抽水加剧将使下一世纪长江入海水沙特征发生重大变化；长江口相对海面在未来１００年中将上升１ｍ左右；全球气温上升将使本区夏季降水增多、台风频率增大。下世纪在这些因素影响下：（１）长江口海岸工程需增加投入约相当于现有工程量的１／２，方能维持现有的安全系数；（２）潮滩湿地将动态损失相当于现有面积的５０％以上；（３）冲刷岸段将增多，淤涨岸段将减少；（４）洪涝威胁将明显加重，需将抽排水能力提高４～５倍；（５）因海面上升引起的特枯季节灾害性海（咸）水入侵则可望通过三峡水库的调节功能得以控制。     

SPATIAL DELINEATION OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC GRADIENTS IN A RURAL NEW YORK RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: The spatial changes in abiotic and biotic variables from riverine to lacustrine areas characterized by the river-lake concept of reservoir function was applied to the Tomhannock Reservoir, Rensselaer County, New York. To identify these longitudinal gradients, a two-year investigation (May 1991 to October 1992) was conducted to measure primary productivity, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll α and phytoplankton biomass at three locations in the 705-ha water supply reservoir. Emphasis was placed on the measurement of primary production using the carbon-14 artificial incubator (photosynthetron) technique. The average annual production in 1992 was 247.3 gm^?2 245 d^?1, ranging from 52 to 2677 mg C m^?2. Mean alpha^B (assimilation efficiency), P^Bm (assimilation number), and I_k (saturation irradiance) were 4.40 mg C mgChl^?1 E^?1 m^?2, 3.82 mg C mgChl^?1 h^?1, and 236.5 μE m^?2 s^?1, respectively. Neither seasonal nor spatial variability of these photosynethetic parameters were observed. Except for Secchi depth, distinct longitudinal zones from river inflow to darn were not statistically demonstrated in the Tomhannock Reservoir. Mean extinction coefficient, chlorophyll α and total phosphorus concentrations decreased; Secchi transparency and phytoplankton biomass increased; while primary productivity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration remained the same from headwater to darn. These baseline data will be used to assess the future effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) recently instituted on selected watershed farmland in an attempt to reduce the detrimental impact of agricultural activities on drinking water quality.     

谈企业建立与完善安全生产管理约束机制

在发展社会主义市场经济的过程中，企业是安全生产管理的主体，通过完善自我约束机制，逐步从靠人的管理转向靠机制管理，使安全生产管理步入良性循环，实现安全文明生产     

渭河“95.8”高水位洪水灾害成因及对策

分析了渭河下游“９５．８”洪水的特征；论述了出现小水量、高水位、大灾害的原因，提出了渭河下游及陕西三门峡库区的防汛对策。     

山东省1995年灾情及其特点

详述了１９９５年发生于山东省范围内的各类灾害情况，总结分析了１９９５年山东省灾情的特点。