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301.
302.
This article follows an earlier one in which four criteria and four bases for the development of an indirect-cost calculation model adapted to the accuracy requirements and time constraints of workplace decision-makers were established. A two-level model for calculating indirect costs using process mapping of the organizational response to a workplace accident is presented. The model is based on data collected in interviews with those employees in charge of occupational health and safety in 10 companies of various sizes in different industry sectors. This model is the first to use process mapping to establish the indirect costs of workplace accidents. The approach allows easy identification of the duration and frequency of actions taken by stakeholders when a workplace accident occurs, facilitates the collection of the information needed to calculate indirect costs and yields a usable, precise result. A simple graphic representation of an organization's accident processes helps the user understand each accident's cost components, allowing the identification and reduction of inefficiencies in the overall process. Impact on Industry: By facilitating data collection and shortening the time needed to assess indirect costs of workplace accidents, this indirect cost calculation tool is better suited for workplace use than those currently available.  相似文献   
303.
雷炳莉  孙延枫  刘倩  于志强  曾祥英 《环境科学》2011,32(11):3240-3246
水污染事故的短期高剂量暴露造成的急性生态危害及水生生物安全问题成为人们研究的重点,但我国以往的水污染事故,多采用地表水环境质量标准和生活饮用水卫生标准来判断水体是否安全,缺乏对水生生物保护的安全效应阈值或风险值.国外在水生生物保护方面,虽然限定了一些风险污染物对水生生物的安全效应阈值或称为无效应阈值或风险值,但其无效应阈值的计算是基于长期暴露下的慢性毒性值,其生态风险值也是基于长期暴露下的风险,缺少对水污染事件短期高剂量暴露下化学品的阈值限定及风险评估.本研究结合常规生态风险评价的理念及美国EPA短期暴露情况下保护水生生物基准值的制定方法,探讨了水污染事件的短期高剂量暴露情况下风险污染物的生态风险评价及生态效应阈值的计算方法,并进行了实例应用,同时对建立我国水污染事故生态风险评估方法体系提出了建议.  相似文献   
304.
以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物,通过外源添加污染物的方法,研究了暴露于亚致死剂量草甘膦(添加剂量分别为5、10、20、40mg·kg-1)的土壤中7d后,蚯蚓生长抑制率、细胞色素P450亚酶(CYP1 A2、2C9与3A4)活力及代谢组学对土壤草甘膦的响应,旨在探讨亚致死剂量草甘膦能否对非靶标生...  相似文献   
305.
简要介绍了SA8000(社会责任标准)和OHSMS(职业安全卫生管理体系)试行标准的内容和要求;分析了两个标准的联系和区别;论述了实施OHSMS试行标准的作用;提出了加强我国安全生产管理的建议.  相似文献   
306.
对锦州地区20种食品,2种饮用水、温泉水和海水中总α、总β、134U、238U、232Th226Ra、90Sr、137Cs含量进行了测量。估算了该地区居民对6种放射性核素的年摄入量和有效剂量当量。研究结果表明:居民总年摄入量,城市居民为417.8Bq,a-1,农村居民为12.57×102Bq·a-1;居民总有效剂量当量,城市和农村居民分别为26.5和37.9μSv,这与居民膳食组成有关。此外,讨论了各类食品或放射性核素对总剂量的相对贡献份额。  相似文献   
307.
Results of systematic, long-term measurements of 137Cs activities in wheat for the period 1965–2003 are summarized. Radiocaesum fallout activities affect wheat activity concentrations, the coefficient of correlation being 0.91. In the observed period, the highest activity of 137Cs deposited by fallout, 6321 Bq m−2, was recorded in 1986, i.e., in the year of Chernobyl accident, causing peak 137Cs activity concentration in wheat of 38.0 ± 13.0 Bq kg−1. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident the 134Cs:137Cs activity ratio in wheat was ≈0.5, and did not differ from the value found in other environmental samples. The transfer coefficient from 137Cs fallout deposition to wheat was calculated to be 8.6 × 10−3 Bq y kg−1 per Bq m−2, indicating the low transfer of radiocaesium from fallout to wheat. The upper limit for the collective effective dose for the Croatian population due to 137Cs and 134Cs ingestion by wheat and wheat products consumption for period 1965–2003 was estimated to be 665 person-Sv, the upper limit for the annual collective effective dose in 2003 being only about 0.061 person-Sv.  相似文献   
308.
Most of the building materials contain naturally occurring radioactive elements, the most important of which are potassium 40K and the members of two natural radioactive series, which can be represented by the isotopes of thorium 232Th and Uranium 238U. The presence of these radioisotopes in the materials causes external exposure to the people who live in the building. In addition, the disintegration of Uranium 238U increases the concentration of radon gas 222Rn and of its daughters in the house. So a systematic indoor gamma dose measurement has been performed in the dwellings of Agastheeswaram Taluk of Kanyakumari district, which is lying within the 30 km radius from the upcoming Kudankulam nuclear power plant site. The geometric mean of annual absorbed dose from gamma radiation in dwellings has been found to be 278 nGyh−1. The seasonal variation of indoor gamma dose measurements has also been studied. Significant differences have been observed in dwellings built of different materials such as concrete, tiled, etc.  相似文献   
309.
This article describes an airborne γ survey of a 7 × 5 km region around the rehabilitated Nabarlek uranium mine in northern Australia. An unusually tight line spacing (100 m) and low aircraft height (50 m) were used, enabling the survey to distinguish man-made structures such as ponds and accommodation areas, as well as creek lines. Positive correlations between airborne data and ground-based readings enabled an estimation of the average absorbed dose rate arising from terrestrial γ radiation over large areas of the site to be derived. For the fenced minesite area this estimate was 0.31 μ Gy hr− 1. The airborne survey data were found to be invaluable in helping to plan further ground-level investigations and showed promise as an assessment tool for rehabilitated minesites.  相似文献   
310.
The large amounts of tritium produced at the Savannah River Site (SRS) coupled with the current dose reconstruction study at the facility emphasize the importance of ensuring accurate and efficient prediction of tritium doses to the public. Presently, dose estimates to the general population in the site vicinity are calculated annually using a five year meteorological database. Determining whether detailed monthly dose estimates are necessary or whether annual averaged data is sufficient offers the potential for more efficient dose prediction. In this study, off site collective committed doses and maximum individual doses due to atmospheric tritium releases were calculated according to the methods outlined in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Regulatory Guide 1.109 and compared using monthly versus five-year meteorological data and source terms. Site-specific variables not currently utilized at SRS for annual dose estimates also have been included. In addition, the range of predicted doses, based on the distribution in model parameters given in the literature, were estimated. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to determine the influence of model inputs on dose estimates. Results corroborate previous studies by indicating that the primary contributor to infant tritium dose is the ingestion of milk, while for all other age groups, the most important pathway is the ingestion of vegetation. These relative pathway contributions remain constant throughout the year for infants; for children, teenagers, and adults, however, inhalation and absorption of tritium through the skin increases in relative importance in the months of June to September. It was found that the model utilized was most sensitive to dose factors, the ratio of the specific activity of tritium oxide in vegetation to the specific activity of atmospheric tritium oxide, and breathing rates. Most importantly, it was found that over a five-year period, the use of averaged meteorological data results in total individual doses that are only 2 to 6% higher than doses determined monthly, depending on the pathway of interest.  相似文献   
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