应用动态模型确定酸沉降临界负荷的探讨

任何一个天然生态系统都是一个稳定系统.在一定酸沉降量的作用下,生态系统最终会平衡在一个新的稳定状态.动态模型可以模拟不同酸沉降量下生态系统化学状态的变化趋势.根据信号与系统理论,这种趋势可以用一阶指数衰减函数进行模拟,以得到系统达到稳定状态时的化学指标值.根据不同酸沉降量和所对应的稳态化学指标值之间的剂量-响应曲线,可以求出当系统稳态化学指标值达到临界化学值时的酸沉降量,即为系统的酸沉降临界负荷.应用这种方法,以MAGIC模型为例,计算了四川峨眉山顶水和重庆南山湖泊的硫沉降临界负荷,分别为1.54和6.5     

The concept of degraded images applied to hazard recognition training in mining for reduction of lost-time injuries

Introduction: This paper discusses the application of a training intervention that uses degraded images for improving the hazard recognition skills of miners. Method: NIOSH researchers, in an extensive literature review, identified fundamental psychological principles on perception that may be employed to enhance the ability of miners to recognize and respond to hazards in their dangerous work environment. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the degraded image training intervention. A model of hazard recognition was developed to guide the study. Results: In the first study, miners from Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Alabama, who were taught with the aid of degraded images, scored significantly better on follow-up hazard recognition performance measures than those trained using traditional instructional methodologies. The second and third studies investigated the effectiveness of the training intervention at two mining companies. Data collected over a 3-year period showed that lost-time injuries at mines in Alabama and Illinois declined soon after the training intervention was instituted. Impact on Industry: Further exploration of the hazard recognition model and the development of other interventions based on the model could support the validity of the steps in the hazard recognition model.     

乌鲁木齐市民用住宅室内氡浓度水平调查研究

对乌鲁木齐市具有代表性的民用住宅室内氡浓度进行了连续一年的监测调查,调查结果显示室内氡浓度平均值55.4 Bq／m3,低于国标的“200 Bq／m3”,并据此估算出其所致居民的年均有效剂量为1.400 mSv,以及所致居民支气管上皮组织、肺、性腺、骨髓及骨表面细胞等关键组织的年吸收剂量分别为1886．49,378.96,2.80,3.20,3.20μGy／a,大于UNSCEAR2000年报告的世界平均值1.008 mSv,结合室内氡的主要来源,提出了对建筑材料进行放射性监测、控制装修、工程竣工后开展室内环境监测、加强室内通风以及开展室内氡污染治理等措施控制室内氡浓度水平。     

Environmental evaluation for workplace violence in healthcare and social services

PROBLEM: Federal policy recommends environmental strategies as part of a comprehensive workplace violence program in healthcare and social services. The purpose of this project was to contribute specific, evidence-based guidance to the healthcare and social services employer communities regarding the use of environmental design to prevent violence. METHOD: A retrospective record review was conducted of environmental evaluations that were performed by an architect in two Participatory Action Research (PAR) projects for workplace violence prevention in 2000 and, in the second project in 2005. Ten facility environmental evaluation reports along with staff focus group reports from these facilities were analyzed to categorize environmental risk factors for Type II workplace violence. RESULTS: Findings were grouped according to their impact on access control, the ability to observe patients (natural surveillance), patient and worker safety (territoriality), and activity support. DISCUSSION: The environmental assessment findings reveal design and security issues that, if corrected, would improve safety and security of staff, patients, and visitors and reduce fear and unpredictability. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Healthcare and social assistance employers can improve the effectiveness of violence prevention efforts by including an environmental assessment with complementary hazard controls.     

Evaluation of noise environments during daily activities of university students

Noise conditions specifically in areas inside university facilities and its impact on the quality of life of university students are topics that have received little attention. This paper presents a study of the noise conditions in which university students of various institutions in Madrid, Spain, carry out their daily studies. A representative number of measurements was carried out using noise dosemeters and dataloggers in order to evaluate the levels of noise, noise dose and exposure to noise during school periods and extracurricular activities. The results were compared with the recommendations given by current environmental noise regulations. This paper was complemented with a survey to get to know how students perceive the exposure to noise in university environments.     

基于模糊贝叶斯网络的煤气化职业健康风险分析

针对煤气化行业职业健康风险影响因素不确定及模糊的特点,建立了职业健康风险计算模型。该模型将模糊数学与贝叶斯网络相耦合,模拟事件概率,找出导致风险的主要因素。通过分析煤气化行业中存在的多种风险因素,应用问卷调查法和模糊集理论模拟了根节点的发生概率,得出职业健康风险概率的预测值;应用贝叶斯网络反向推理的功能计算根节点后验概率并排序,确定了薄弱环节。该模型不仅能解决概率缺失情况下的风险量化推算问题,定量进行职业健康风险评估,还可以实现关键因素的识别,并能有针对性地提出改进措施,为职业健康风险预防提供决策依据。     

石墨烯是促进还是抑制嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长?

尽管石墨烯以其独特的光学、电学、力学特性在各大领域都具有广阔的应用前景,但其工业化使用后在环境当中的行为,特别是遗留下的石墨烯对生态系统的毒性研究则鲜见报道.因此,本文以嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)为目标微生物,探讨不同浓度(1、10、50 mg·L-1)石墨烯对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的毒性效应.结果表明,石墨烯对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的生长有明显抑制作用,且抑制作用随着石墨烯浓度的降低而增强.在石墨烯投加量为1 mg·L-1时,培养48 h后菌株的生长量OD420达到最大值0.045,低于空白组的0.163;并且其可溶性蛋白含量也达到最大值1.546 mg·L-1,低于空白组的3.789 mg·L-1.不同浓度石墨烯对体系p H和ORP均存在不同程度的影响,低浓度下的石墨烯影响最为显著.此外,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和荧光显微镜分析,进一步证实Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans能在高浓度的石墨烯上生长,而低浓度的石墨烯则会对细胞膜造成损伤,它极其尖锐的边缘是细菌失活的有效机制.因此,石墨烯的毒性具有剂量效应,这一结果可为石墨烯合理利用及评价其生态毒性提供理论依据.     

居室放射性

本文介绍了放射性的来源,讨论了室内γ射线和氡及其子体,计算了相关的年剂量当量     

成都市PM10对大气辐射环境的影响

为研究城市PM₁₀对大气辐射环境的影响,利用2013年6月1日—2014年5月31日成都市ρ(PM₁₀)和空气吸收剂量率的逐日监测数据,采用DCCA(去趋势互相关分析)法对二者的相关性进行分析. 结果表明:在1 a的时间尺度上,成都市ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率之间存在显著的正相关性(标度指数为0.928),并且这种正相关性具有长期、持续的特征,但相关性的强度却随时间以幂函数形式缓慢衰减. 冬夏两季ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率的相关性存在显著差异. 在冬季重度灰霾期间,二者DCCA标度指数为0.968,说明高ρ(PM₁₀)已对城市大气辐射环境产生了影响;而夏季二者的DCCA曲线分为两段,标度指数分别为0.579、1.519,折点位置对应的特征时间尺度约为2个月,推测这与当地夏季降雨的时间分布模式有关. 研究表明,在当前灰霾日益频发的背景下,需要重视城市重度灰霾对城市大气辐射环境造成的影响.      

GB/T 28001-2011标准术语和定义的认知

对GB／T28000《职业健康安全管理体系》系列国家标准的术语和定义进行了对比分析。