香樟枝叶挥发物对小白鼠自发行为影响

采用小白鼠旷场分析试验,观察分析昆明种小白鼠在不同浓度香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）枝叶挥发气味环境中行为指标的变化,研究香樟枝叶挥发物对小鼠自发行为的影响,以此来客观评价香樟枝叶挥发物的保健功能。结果表明,（1）从小白鼠运动总路程来看,低浓度处理组〉空白对照组〉高浓度处理组,表明小白鼠对香樟枝叶挥发物的浓度有一定的承受阈值,超过一定的浓度对小白鼠的兴奋性产生抑制作用。（2）中央格运动总路程、站立次数这2项指标,表现出高浓度处理组一直显著低于空白组和低浓度处理组,低浓度处理组与空白组的差异不显著,但变化幅度比空白组大,说明高浓度香樟枝叶挥发物不仅降低了小白鼠的兴奋性,而且还降低了其认知和探索能力,低浓度没有表现出来这个方面的副作用。（3）从粪便粒数和体质量这2项指标来看,高浓度处理组和低浓度处理组体质量和空白组相比较,增长缓慢,中间处理过程中甚至出现平均体质量下降趋势,并且高浓度处理组的小白鼠粪便粒数一直高于对照组,说明香樟枝叶挥发物气味环境降低了小白鼠的食欲,且越高的浓度环境下相对紧张程度越高。     

模糊多属性决策在垃圾卫生填埋场选址中的应用

根据垃圾卫生填埋场选址的影响因素及其权重具有模糊性的特点,提出采用模糊多属性决策方法来解决垃圾卫生填埋场选址的问题。本文在分析垃圾卫生填埋场选址的主要影响因素的基础上,阐述了采用模糊多属性决策进行填埋场场址优选的思路、原理和方法,并通过具体算例证明了该法应用于填埋场选址的可行性与合理性。     

城市垃圾填埋场防渗浆材的实验研究

针对垃圾填埋场防渗的特殊要求,通过大量正交实验研究,研制了一种低渗透系数并对污染物有良好阻滞作用的浆材,即膨润土-水泥-粉煤灰(BCF)浆材,包括S型、N型和Z型3种类型。该浆材可泵期可调,结实率>99.6%,结石体28d渗透系数<0.65×10-7cm/s,N型的无侧限抗压强度<1.2MPa,弹性模量在200MPa左右。浆材结石体对COD、氨氮和磷的阻滞率均达到了82%以上,对酞酸酯和常见重金属离子的阻滞率均在99.6%以上。对浆材结石体的防渗性与对污染物阻滞性能的机理进行了研究,并提出渗滤沉积作用和吸附滞留作用阻滞机理。     

Source-term development for a contaminant plume for use by multimedia risk assessment models

Multimedia modelers from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and US Department of Energy (DOE) are collaborating to conduct a comprehensive and quantitative benchmarking analysis of four intermedia models: MEPAS, MMSOILS, PRESTO, and RESRAD. These models represent typical analytically based tools that are used in human-risk and endangerment assessments at installations containing radioactive and hazardous contaminants. The objective is to demonstrate an approach for developing an adequate source term by simplifying an existing, real-world, ⁹⁰Sr plume at DOE's Hanford installation in Richland, WA, for use in a multimedia benchmarking exercise between MEPAS, MMSOILS, PRESTO, and RESRAD. Source characteristics and a release mechanism are developed and described; also described is a typical process and procedure that an analyst would follow in developing a source term for using this class of analytical tool in a preliminary assessment.     

加拿大污染场地的管理方法及其对我国的借鉴

详细介绍了加拿大对污染场地的管理方法,即包括识别可疑场地、场地历史调查、初步采样测试、场地分类、详细采样测试、场地再分类、制定修复管理措施、实施修复管理措施、确认采样和最终报告、长期监测的10步管理流程,并说明了各步骤涉及的若干指导性文件,最后探讨了加拿大污染场地管理方法对我国建立污染场地管理体系的借鉴意义.     

Potential health impacts of heavy-metal exposure at the Tar Creek Superfund site,Ottawa County,Oklahoma

The potential impact of exposure to heavy metals and health problems was evaluated at the Tar Creek Superfund site, Ottawa County, Oklahoma, USA. Observed versus expected mortality was calculated for selected conditions in the County and exposed cities. Excess mortality was found for stroke and heart disease when comparing the exposed County to the state but not when comparing the exposed cities to the nonexposed rest of the County. However, sample sizes in the exposed area were small, population emigration has been ongoing, and geographic coding of mortality data was incomplete. In an exposed community, 62.5% of children under the age of 6 years had blood lead levels exceeding 10 μg/dl. The relationships between heavy-metal exposure and children’s health and chronic disease in adults are suggestive that a more thorough investigation might be warranted. A number of possible environmental and health studies are suggested, including those focusing on possible central nervous system impacts. Unfortunately, the exposed population is dispersing. One lesson learned at this site is that health studies need to be conducted as soon as possible after an environmental problem is identified to both study the impact of the most acute exposures and to maximize study sample size—including those exposed to higher doses—and minimize the loss of individuals to follow-up.     

城市医疗废物处置设施空间选址评价

以地域分异规律和吸引力模型为理论基础,提出基于GIS的城市医疗废物处置设施选址的空间评价模型,利用第三代GIS地理数据库模型Geodatabase实现了该方法.以珠江三角洲某城市为例,将该市划分为46个镇级基本单元,应用情景分析方法生成了医疗废物集中处置的2个空间选址方案并进行了空间评价;为了进行对比分析,还构建了传统的费用模型进行了评价,两者结果一致.进一步的空间分析表明,该市医疗废物数量空间分布和密度空间分布和较优方案具有空间相关性.     

模拟环境条件下δ-MnO2氧化As(III)的搅拌流动动力学特征

采用搅拌流动法研究了酸性水钠锰矿及水羟锰矿2种δ-MnO2矿物氧化As(Ⅲ)的动力学过程,构建了可用于多相体系的搅拌-流动氧化还原反应动力学模型.经过As吸附量的校正后,该模型对酸性水钠锰矿及水羟锰矿氧化As(III)动力学数据拟合度分别为0.980和0.951,模型拟合得到pH 7时2种矿物单位比表面上氧化As(III)的初始反应速率常数k分别为0.131,0.014min-1×m-2.相比而言,该速率常数明显高于批量法得到的表观速率常数kobs,0.021,0.001min-1×m-2更接近真实的化学动力学参数.搅拌流动法与批量法得到的不同矿物的速率常数大小趋势一致,即尽管酸性水钠锰矿对As(III)的氧化率低于水羟锰矿,单位比表面上酸性水钠锰矿氧化As(III)初始反应速率却远高于水羟锰矿.反应过程分析表明,反应初始阶段,As(III)的吸附为主要限速步骤;而随着反应的进行,矿物表面反应位点逐渐钝化或减少,反应位点数量成为限速步骤.     

铬污染场地调查数据评估与暴露浓度估计

针对某铬污染场地调查采样得到的1 269个土壤w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕,分别采用检出限替代法和Walsh's Test方法分析了未检出值和潜在的异常值.结果表明,异常值的取舍对数据的统计分析结果影响较大,结合该铬污染场地的实际情况和采样记录,最终保留了潜在异常值. 分别采用Q-Q图示法和假设检验方法探讨了该铬污染场地土壤w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的数据分布形态发现,二者均不符合3种常见的分布形态(即正态分布、对数正态分布和Gamma分布),因此,采用基于切比雪夫不等式的非参数方法计算该铬污染场地调查数据的95%UCL(置信区间上限值),确定w(TCr)和w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的暴露值分别为0.285 6%和0.022 7%.      

旬东煤矿井下永久避难硐室构建研究

避难硐室的构建研究对硐室安全避险功能的实现具有重要意义。根据旬东井下人员分布及巷道布置情况,确定利用4-2采煤区现有巷道构建100人规模永久避难硐室;根据巷道尺寸、人均面积及设备体积等,计算得硐室有效宽度为4.6m,高度为3.5m,总长度为63.4m,人均面积为1.2m2;通过气密试验,测定0.135MPa避险区内外压差可达1980Pa;通过分析人员避险需求,确定旬东永久避难硐室生命保障系统由防火防爆系统、密闭缓冲系统、气幕隔绝系统、供氧系统、制冷除湿系统及附属系统组成。