结合态氚在作物生态系统中的形成动态

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究了氚水在玉米、大豆和水稻中结合态氚形成的动态过程,并探讨了结合态氚形成的机理.结果表明,土壤(或水)中的氚水通过作物根系吸收进入作物体内,并在作物各部位形成结合态氚;作物体中结合态氚的比活度随时间呈增加趋势;作物籽粒中的结合态氚的比活度约为2～3Bq/g,玉米籽和稻谷中结合态氚的比活度高于其余部位,而大豆籽则与其他部位相当.对3种作物中结合态氚比活度的变化动态进行指数回归分析得:玉米、大豆和水稻中的比活度分别为C_m(t)=1.14(1-e^-0.0509t)、C_s(t)=1.65(^1-e-0.0595t)和C_r>(t)=1.29(^1-e-0.1027t),经方差分析表明,各拟合方程较好地反映了氚水在玉米、大豆和水稻中结合态氚形成的动态.     

Nitrate levels and the age of groundwater from the Upper Devonian sandstone aquifer in Fife,Scotland

The tritium concentrations in 13 groundwater samples from boreholes throughout the Upper Devonian sandstone aquifer of Fife have been measured. Due to atmospheric variations in tritium concentrations over the last century, this radioactive tracer can be used as a groundwater age indicator. In this study, the groundwater tritium concentrations have allowed for the area to be divided into three zones, and the variable chemistry of the groundwater samples, including the problem of recent elevated nitrate levels in the Fife Aquifer, has been interpreted in terms of their relative ages.     

电捕集法消除空气中的氚

本文研究了一种净化空气中氚的新方法，我们用四水合磷酸轴酰氢（Hup)作消氚剂，在外加直流电场的作用下，直接消除潮湿空气中的氚，用不同面积的消氚圆片，在静态，常温，常压下，外加4－7伏直流电场，50小时左右，可使2．2升含氚空气中氚的净化率超过90％，空气中氚含量为0．2－10ppm，含水量为3000－12000ppm，我们用液闪测量了消氚后圆片中氚的含量，其结果与用电离室所测的结果一致。     

基于氚和CFCs的三江平原浅层地下水更新能力估算

论文通过对三江平原浅层地下水年龄的测定,研究了地下水的来源与更新能力。在井深小于60 m的钻孔中,采集了11 组浅层地下水样,分别测定水中放射性同位素氚(T)和氟利昂(CFCs),根据活塞模型,分别计算出浅层地下水的年龄。分析结果表明,三江平原浅层地下水中氚同位素含量为1.7~61.2 TU;CFC-12 和CFC-113 浓度分别是0.04~1.25 pmol·kg^-1 和0.1~0.71 pmol·kg^-1。根据氚同位素含量估算的浅层地下水年龄范围是39~51 a;CFC-12 浓度估算的浅层地下水年龄范围为38.2~61.7 a。两种测年数据都表明,浅层地下水缺失了0~39 a 的年轻水,这暗示三江平原的地下水主要接受外源水的补给,深循环地下水越流补给地表水并形成湿地,最终补给到河流之中,地下水有稳定的补给源,可以适当地进行开发和利用。     

CHARACTERIZING GROUND WATER FLOW IN THE MUNICIPAL WELL FIELDS OF CEDAR RAPIDS,IOWA, WITH SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS1

ABSTRACT: Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from a shallow alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Water samples were collected and analyzed for selected isotopes and chlorofluorocarbons to characterize the ground-water flow system near the municipal well fields. Analyses of deuterium and oxygen-18 indicate that water in the alluvial aquifer and in the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer was recharged from precipitation during modern climatic conditions. Analyses of tritium indicate modern, post-1952, water in the alluvial aquifer and older, pre-1952, water in the bedrock aquifer. Mixing of the modern and older waters occurs in areas where (1) the confining layer between the two aquifers is discontinuous, (2) the bedrock aquifer is fractured, or (3) pumping of supply wells induces the flow of water between aquifers. Analyses of chlorofluorocarbons were used to determine the date of recharge of water samples. Water in the bedrock aquifer likely was recharged prior to the 1950s. Water in the alluvial aquifer likely was recharged from the 1960s to 1990s. Biodegradation or sorption probably affected some of the ground water analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons. These processes reduce the concentrations of CFCs, which results in older than actual calculated dates of recharge.     

一种高效的硅胶中氚化水自动化解析技术

文章介绍采用温度自动控制的铸铝加热方式提取硅胶中氚化水的一种高效节能解析技术,并通过实验验证表明,该解析技术对硅胶吸附氚化水样品的最佳解析时间为15 min,此时100 g饱和硅胶样品至少能解析水7～10 mL用于液闪测量,对硅胶中氚化水的平均回收率优于99%,氚记忆效应小于万分之二。该技术与GB12375-90标准提出的氚蒸馏技术相比,具有能同时处理多个样品,可提高硅胶氚吸附样品前处理制样效率、节约能源等特点。     

Measured and modelled tritium concentrations in freshwater Barnes mussels (Elliptio complanata) exposed to an abrupt increase in ambient tritium levels

To improve understanding of environmental tritium behaviour, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) included a Tritium and C-14 Working Group (WG) in its EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program. One scenario considered by the WG involved the prediction of time-dependent tritium concentrations in freshwater mussels that were subjected to an abrupt increase in ambient tritium levels. The experimental data used in the scenario were obtained from a study in which freshwater Barnes mussels (Elliptio complanata) were transplanted from an area with background tritium concentrations to a small Canadian Shield lake that contains elevated tritium. The mussels were then sampled over 88 days, and concentrations of free-water tritium (HTO) and organically-bound tritium (OBT) were measured in the soft tissues to follow the build-up of tritium in the mussels over time.The HTO concentration in the mussels reached steady state with the concentration in lake water within one or two hours. Most models predicted a longer time (up to a few days) to equilibrium. All models under-predicted the OBT concentration in the mussels one hour after transplantation, but over-predicted the rate of OBT formation over the next 24 h. Subsequent dynamics were not well modelled, although all participants predicted OBT concentrations that were within a factor of three of the observation at the end of the study period. The concentration at the final time point was over-predicted by all but one of the models. The relatively low observed concentration at this time was likely due to the loss of OBT by mussels during reproduction.     

用磷酸铀酰氢（HUP）消除空气中的氚

在常温常压条件下 ,用 4 -7伏的直流电场作用于不同尺寸的磷酸铀酰氢 (HUP)消氚电极 ,在静态和动态情况下 ,考查了它们的消氚特性。对于含 ( 0 51 -1 8 61 )× 1 0 8Bq氚 ,( 30 0 0 -1 2 0 0 0 )× 1 0 - 6 水分的 2 2升空气 ,消氚效率超过 95% ,用液体闪烁计数法 ,测定了消氚后磷酸铀酰氢中氚 ,其中的含量与被试验含氚空气中的氚相一致。     

高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚的去除研究 Ⅰ.催化剂活性测定

中子发生器运行过程中,由于在氚钛靶片上发生氘氚置换及靶片升温等原因,氚钛靶上的一部分氚将脱离靶而随离子源的氚气及真空系统洩漏的空气等一起被排放出来,对工作环境造成危害。     

高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚的去除研究 Ⅰ.催化剂活性测定

中子发生器运行过程中,由于在氚钛靶片上发生氘氚置换及靶片升温等原因,氚钛靶上的一部分氚将脱离靶而随离子源的氚气及真空系统洩漏的空气等一起被排放出来,对工作环境造成危害。