基于情景分析的北京市机动车污染排放控制研究

为了研究未来北京市机动车排放控制措施的减排效果,本文基于情景分析法,以2010年为基准年,通过设置3类控制措施情景,估算2011~2020年不同情景下北京市机动车常规污染物排放量,并在基准情景基础上,估算污染物减排量,分析控制措施对不同类型机动车的减排贡献.结果表明,尽管未来北京市机动车保有量会有较大增长,实施机动车排放控制措施仍可取得显著的减排效果.单一措施中,淘汰高排放车减排量最大.其中,淘汰轻型客车可有效减少CO的排放,减排贡献率为89.4%;淘汰重型客车可对NOx、HC和PM10达到有效削减,其贡献率分别为65.5%、55.8%、93.4%.实施新的排放标准对重型柴油车的排放也有明显控制效果,且4种污染物都能得到有效削减.综合实施各种措施的效果最为显著,2020年对CO、NOx、HC、PM10的削减效果分别达到46.4%、42.1%、8.6%和50.6%.     

机动车排放中挥发性有机污染物的组成及其特征研究

应用大气采样罐采样技术和色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对广州市环境空气、交通道路、城市隧道和汽车尾气中55种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组分及其质量浓度水平进行测试,并研究了广州市机动车VOCs排放特征.结果表明:①城区环境空气质量本底观测点白云山摩星岭的大气样品中ρ(VOCs)数量级为10-1～101 μg/m3,其中烷烃类、烯烃类、乙炔和单环芳香烃类平均质量浓度分别为13.97,15.15,6.16和43.27 μg/m3.市区主要交通干道(东风中路、环市中路和新港西路)旁空气样品的ρ(VOCs)数量级为101～102μg/m3,其中烷烃类、烯烃类、乙炔和单环芳香烃类最高质量浓度相应比环境本底质量浓度高约20～30倍.②在怠速条件下检测了摩托车、出租车、大客车、轻型卡车、小轿车和公交车等6种新车和在用车型VOCs的排放,其组成和质量浓度因机动车类型、功率和燃料不同而不同,一般功率越大VOCs排放越严重,ρ(VOCs)数量级大致为10-1～103mg/m3,为交通干道空气ρ(VOCs)的1 000倍以上.其中LPG车具有最高的烷烃类、烯烃类和乙炔排放量,测试样品的ρ(VOCs)分别为815.79～2 001.66,696.84～1 799.10和53.87～416.13 mg/m3.而柴油车排放的VOCs远远低于其他燃料车型.③通过对广州珠江隧道连续48 h的监测,研究了隧道内交通特征、微气象特征和VOCs组成及其质量浓度水平,能够计算出广州机动车55种VOCs化合物的平均排放因子.      

交通污染区城市绿化植物硫含量分布

为探讨城市绿化植物对交通环境中SO2的响应，以远离城市道路的相对清洁区公园生长的植物为对照植物，采集了广东省被广泛栽种的18种园林绿化植物的不同方位的叶片和树皮样品，用硫酸钡比浊法测定了每种植物样品在交通污染区面向机动车行驶方向、面向人行道方向及相对清洁区的植物样品等不同方位的植物叶片和树皮硫含量，分析了绿化植物在同一株植物的不同生长部位和不同环境中硫含量的分布特征。结果表明，交通污染区所有样品的叶片硫和树皮硫含量均高于相对清洁区的样品。其中，远离工厂的交通污染区生长的同一株植物，离机动车道越近，硫含量越高；靠近工厂的交通污染区的同一植物，离工厂近的部位的植物树皮硫含量高于面向机动车道一侧的植物硫含量。     

Profile of PAH in the Exhaust of Gasoline Driven Vehicles in Delhi

A preliminary study to determine the profile of PAHs in the exhaust of gasoline vehicles in Delhi was conducted. Three different types of vehicles (cars, autorickshaws and scooters) were selected with different age groups for sampling purpose. The concentration of Total PAHs (Σ₁₂PAHs) was found to be 27.27 ± 2.27, 28.61 ± 3.70 and 29.81 ± 3.57 mg/g in the exhaust of cars, auto- rickshaws (three wheelers) and two wheelers, respectively. The levels of PAHs were found to be high in scooter exhaust as compared to that of cars and autorickshaws. The total PAHs concentration in the present study was found to be higher as compared to other studies. Such a high concentration could be attributed to different parameters like the age of the vehicles, driving conditions, the fuel quality and the emission standards.     

煤矿通风机电机温度高故障研究与解决应用

经过充分调研,结合理论分析,从选型、设计制造、试验、运行维护4个方面全面分析煤矿通风机电机温度高的故障原因,从选型、设计、立法与标准制定、执法等方面提出了具体的解决措施,最后结合具体实例,应用提出的措施很好地解决了煤矿通风机电机温度高的故障。     

Injury Severity Score alone predicts mortality when compared to EMS scene time and transport time for motor vehicle trauma patients who arrive alive to hospital

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study aims to identify the association, if any, between prehospital scene time, prehospital transport time, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) with in-hospital mortality.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients at least 18 years of age who arrived to the hospital alive via emergency medical services (EMS) after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) between 1992 and 2016. These patients were divided into groups based on minutes spent at the scene and in transport. The ISS of the in-hospital mortalities, as well as the entire patient sample for each time frame, was collected. Patients without documented scene time, transport time, or ISS were excluded.

Results: Four thousand one hundred ninety-four patients were captured when analyzing scene time, though only 3,980 met inclusion criteria. In addition, 4,177 patients were captured when analyzing transport time, though only 3,979 met inclusion criteria. Scene time and transport time were not statistically significant predictors of in-hospital mortality (P = .31 and P = .458, respectively). ISS was found to be a statistically significant predictor of in-hospital mortality (P < .001).

Conclusions: ISS predicts mortality independent of scene time or transport time for patients who arrive to the hospital alive following an MVC at Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital. Limitations of our study include inability to capture prehospital deaths and inability to correlate ISS with prehospital injury severity scores.     

Evaluation of energy savings by using high efficiency motors in a thermal power station

This paper presents potential energy savings by installing high-efficiency motors instead of existing ones and their impact on greenhouse gases emissions reductions. This research study of the energy efficiency of electric motors has been performed in a typical thermal power plant. In the literature, the focus has been mainly on separate and away electric motors from operating facilities. The important advantage of this paper over other studies is that it uses the actual motors’ efficiency in the evaluation. The gains both in terms of electrical energy savings and in terms of financial economy by using high-efficiency motors have been discussed. As a result, the energy saving can be expected as 12.6% at the operating rate. This excellent result also reduces greenhouse gas emission by 1,423 tons every year. The analysis of the data provided an overview on energy losses often generated by the degradation and rewinding of electrical motors. This study represents very encouraging results that will help energy managers of industrial plants to become more involved in energy efficiency strategies.     

汽车尾气对人精子运动能力影响探讨

采用［日］岛津AA－670型原子吸收分光光度计,四唑氮蓝（Nitro－BT）染色法,及图象分析仪（MIAS－300）分析了交通警察和男性师生两人群精液的精子运动能力参数和血铅水平。结果显示：与对照组比较,交警组精子活动能力降低（P＜0.05）,精子琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性明显抑制（P＜0.001）。而且SDH活性与血铅水平呈负相关。认为交警精子活动能力下降可能和铅干扰精子线粒体能量代谢有关。     

电动机火灾原因及其对策

对电动机的火灾原因进行分析,并根据火灾原因找出相应的对策,从而体现"安全第一,预防为主"的理念.     

多组分细水雾对乙醇汽油的灭火效能研究

分析了细水雾灭火时液滴的吸热蒸发过程和汽油与乙醇汽油的燃烧特性，进行了汽油、乙醇在封闭空间内从燃烧到自行熄灭时的含氧量变化测量。进行了多组分细水雾与细水雾的灭火性能比较，和用多组分细水雾对汽油火、乙醇汽油火的灭火性能试验。研究表明，多组分细水雾比普通细水雾具有更好的灭火效果，乙醇汽油火的灭火难度要比汽油火的大，多组分细水雾用于乙醇汽油场合灭火时，其灭火工作压力要大于用于汽油的场合。