PRA在焦化厂污染土壤健康风险评价中的应用

以北京市某炼焦化学厂场地污染调查为依据,采用PRA(概率风险评价)研究了15个人体暴露参数和土壤中污染物浓度不确定性对苯、苯并芘健康风险评价结果的影响. 结果表明:对于表层和深层土壤,苯、苯并芘各暴露途径及总暴露途径PRA95％分位值均小于相应DRA(确定性风险评价)风险值;该场地整个土层中苯的PRA总风险值为1.5×10-8~6.9×10-3,苯并芘为2.3×10-9~2.2×10-3,二者95％分位值分别为3.8×10-4和1.1×10-4;苯、苯并芘的DRA总风险值分别为PRA96.8％和99.1％分位值,并且二者的DRA总风险值/PRA95％分位值分别为1.5和3.2,表明DRA风险值偏保守. 参数敏感性分析表明,对苯总风险不确定性贡献较大的为深层土壤中的苯浓度(贡献率为94.63%,下同)和成人暴露周期(4.12%),苯并芘为表层土壤中苯并芘浓度(92.63%)、成人暴露周期(2.40%)、儿童每日土壤摄入量(2.12%)和儿童暴露周期(1.21%).      

PRA在焦化厂污染土壤修复目标值制定中的应用

以某焦化污染场地为例,采用PRA(概率风险评价)方法研究了17个人体暴露参数和5个土壤理化性质参数的不确定性对土壤中8种污染物修复目标值的影响.结果表明:PRA与DRA修复目标值的比值仅深层Nap为0.9,其余为1.11~2.49,因此,采用传统的DRA(确定性风险评价)方法制定的修复目标值容易偏保守;将土壤中污染物含量降低到PRA修复目标值所产生的暴露风险均在可接受的范围内,但表层土壤Ben对人体健康产生危害的可能性最大;参数敏感性分析的结果表明成人暴露周期(EDa,贡献率为35%~59.8%)和儿童暴露周期(EDc,6.2%~20.2%)对各污染物修复目标值不确定性的影响均较大,此外,土壤理化性质参数,如土壤有机碳含量(foc)、土壤孔隙中空气体积比(θair,vad)和土壤孔隙中水体积比(θwater,vad)对易挥发的Ben和Nap影响较大,儿童每日土壤摄入量(IRs-c)对不易挥发的BaA~DBA影响较大.     

Woody vegetation change in Sahelian West Africa: evidence from local knowledge

Vegetation changes in Sahelian West Africa have been increasingly investigated since 1970 due to the catastrophic droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s and the following decades with below average precipitation. In most cases this was done by remote sensing and vegetation studies. In recent years, local knowledge of farmers and pastoralists about vegetation changes has been increasingly investigated. In this paper, information from different case studies in three West African countries (Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal) was used to analyse and evaluate vegetation changes in the Sahel. In total, data were analysed from 25 villages, where the local people were asked to mention plant species and qualify their present occurrence compared to the past. In total, 111 woody species were mentioned as having changed compared to the past, of which 79% were classified as having decreased or disappeared. For each single location 8–59 different woody species were mentioned. In most cases, these are valuable species of socio-economic importance. Only 11% of the species was classified as increasing or new (0–12 were mentioned per location), the later being mainly exotic species. Ten percent were categorised differently among villages. A comparison of local knowledge from different locations provide regional scale information on endangered species and thereby crucial information for making insightful priorities for assisted regeneration, reforestation and conservation strategies.