A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of the Convective Boundary Layer over Philadelphia during the 1999 Summer NE-OPS Campaign

This study presents a large-eddy simulation (LES) study of the convective boundary layer on August 1, 1999 over Philadelphia, PA during a summer ozone episode. The study is an evaluation of the Colorado State University's Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Version 4.3 (RAMS4.3) with the LES option using Northeast Oxidant and Particulate Study (NE-OPS) data. Simulations were performed with different imposed sensible heat fluxes at the ground surface. The model was initialized with the atmospheric sounding data collected at Philadelphia at 1230 UTC and model integrations continued till 2130 UTC. The resulting mean profiles of temperature and humidity obtained from the LES model were compared with atmospheric soundings, tethered balloon and aircraft data collected during the NE-OPS 1999 field campaign. Also the model-derived vertical profiles of virtual temperature were compared with NE-OPS Radio Acoustic Sounder System (RASS) data while the humidity profiles were compared with NE-OPS lidar data. The comparison of the radiosonde data with the LES model predictions suggests that the growth of the mixing layer is reasonably well simulated by the model. Overall, the agreement of temperature predictions of the LES model with the radiosonde observations is good. The model appears to underestimate humidity values for the case of higher imposed sensible heat flux. However, the humidity values in the mixing layer agree quite well with radiosonde observations for the case of lower imposed sensible heat flux. The model-predicted temperature and humidity profiles are in reasonable agreement with the tethered balloon data except for some small overestimation of temperature at lower layers and some underestimation of humidity values. However, the humidity profiles as simulated by the model agree quite well with the tethered balloon data for the case of lower imposed sensible heat flux. The model-predicted virtual temperature profile is also in better agreement with RASS data for the case of lower imposed sensible heat flux. The model-predicted temperature profile further agrees quite well with aircraft data for the case of lower imposed heat flux. However, the relative humidity values predicted by the model are lower compared with the aircraft data. The model-predicted humidity profiles are only in partial agreement with the lidar data. The results of this study suggest that the explicitly resolved energetic eddies seem to provide the correct forcing necessary to produce good agreement with observations for the case of an imposed sensible heat flux of 0.1 K m s^–1 at the surface.     

西藏地面太阳光谱观测

通过使用德国TriOS公司生产的RAMSES-ACC-UV/VIS光谱仪,在2016—2017年对西藏四个地区(拉萨、林芝、阿里和定日)进行了阶段性的太阳光谱(波长280—950 nm)实地观测。初步研究了西藏四个地区地面太阳光谱强度、光谱曲线特征以及光谱随时间的变化等,结果显示在本次观测期间,2017年7月21日(晴天)当地正午(北京时间13点58分)拉萨晴天光谱在476.6 nm波长处出现强度最高,峰值达到2.05 W?m~(-2)?nm~(-1)。同时对比了观测期间拉萨与定日、拉萨与林芝的当地正午晴天太阳光谱特征,对比结果表明:定日光谱强度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱强度高于林芝。定日光谱曲线平滑程度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱曲线平滑程度高于林芝,主要由水汽、氧气吸收造成。     

分散固相萃取/高效液相色谱法测定土霉素菌渣中土霉素的残留量

文章拟建立一种从土霉素菌渣中提取并检测土霉素残留量的高效液相色谱法。用甲醇和冰乙酸作为提取剂提取样品,用分散固相萃取的方法净化样品,净化药剂为石墨化碳黑(GCB)和C18。通过加标回收实验,用高效液相色谱仪检测样品中土霉素含量。选用的色谱柱为PLRP-S,流动相为甲醇和0.05 mol/L草酸,两者比例为35:65(V:V)。检测波长为355 nm,柱温30℃。经检测,土霉素在0.1~2 000 mg/L范围内线性相关系数大于0.999,线性良好。1.0,4.0及8.0mg/g 3个加标水平的土霉素平均回收率范围是80.85%~109.59%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.45%~6.38%。土霉素菌渣中土霉素残留量平均为4.741 mg/g。实验表明,该方法具有简单、方便、快速、准确性强、灵敏度高的特点,可以应用于土霉素的分析检测。     

Data classification and performance evaluation for the most commonly-used univariate alarm systems

Alarm systems are critically important for safe and efficient operations of industrial plants, but many industrial alarm systems are suffering from too many nuisance alarms. This paper proposes a method to classify normal and abnormal data segments and evaluate performance indices for the most commonly used univariate alarm systems. The proposed method consists of three steps. First, piece-wise linear representations are exploited in separating historical data samples of an analog process variable configured with alarms into data segments with same qualitative trends. Second, data segments are classified into normal, abnormal and unclassified conditions via a mean hypothesis test; a required assumption is that data segments in normal and abnormal conditions have different mean values being distinguishable from alarm thresholds. Third, based on the normal and abnormal data, performance indices of univariate alarm systems are calculated, including two newly formulated ones as the false alarm duration ratio and the missed alarm duration ratio. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical and industrial examples.     

Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Plastic Oil Produced from Waste Polyethylene and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel

The overall objective of this study was to explore the utility of waste plastics as a potential source of diesel fuel. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the use of various blends of plastic oil produced from waste polyethylene (WPE) with diesel fuel (D). WPE was degraded thermally and catalytically using sodium aluminum silicate as a catalyst. The oil collected at optimum conditions (414°C–480°C range and 1 h reaction time) was fractionated at different temperatures and fuel properties of the fractions were measured. Plastic oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 100%. Fuel properties of blends are found comparable with those of diesel fuel within the EN 590 Diesel Fuel standard and they can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engines without any modification. Engine performance and exhaust emission studies of 5% WPE-D (WPE5) blend were performed. Experimental results showed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission is decreased by 20.63%, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission is increased by 3.34%, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emission is increased by 9.17% with WPE-D (WPE5) blend compared to diesel fuel.     

Vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau in China

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients (σ_sc), absorption coefficients (σ_ab), Angström exponent (α), single scattering albedo (ω), backscattering ratio (β_sc), aerosol mass scattering proficiency (Q_sc) and aerosol surface scattering proficiency (Q_sc^′) were obtained. The mean statistical values of σ_sc were 77.45 Mm^− 1 (at 450 nm), 50.72 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm), and 32.02 Mm^− 1 (at 700 nm). The mean value of σ_ab was 7.62 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm). The mean values of α, β_sc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters (ED) of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σ_sc,, α, β_sc, Q_sc and Q_sc^′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and β_sc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σ_sc, α, β_sc, Q_sc, Q_sc^′, σ_ab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.     

农村环境整治成效评估赋分方法与应用探讨

为推进农村环境综合整治工作,针对环办[2010]136号规定评估指标体系应用过程中遇到的问题,采取定义与计算、定性与定量结合的方法,对规定评估指标进行定义、明确赋分依据,确定不同完成程度下的赋分标准和计算方法,为环境成效评估提供科学、准确、可行、实用的赋分依据和办法。     

太湖淤泥和自来水厂污泥混合制砖研究

以太湖淤泥和自来水厂污泥为原料进行烧结砖的制备研究,干原料经混合加湿搅拌,制成4 cm×4cm×4cm的砖体试样,干燥后放入马弗炉中焙烧;测试了砖坯的含水率、干燥收缩,烧结砖的烧失量、烧成收缩、表观密度、吸水率和抗压强度,并利用XRD和SEM分别测试了烧结砖的矿物成分,和微观形貌特征。研究结果表明,减少淤泥含量导致砖的密度和抗压强度降低,烧失量、烧成收缩率和吸水率上升;淤泥掺量减少到60%,成型含水率为23%,经950℃高温煅烧后,所得砖体质量较好,强度满足MU10等级。     

Efficiency analysis for organic agricultural producers: the role of soil-improving inputs

Greater emphasis is being placed on indicators of agri-environmental efficiency of organic production systems. Linking environmental measures with profitability measures based on net income is the only way to develop such indicators. A stochastic production frontier model that explicitly incorporates farm decisions about acquiring and managing organic soil-improving inputs is used to measure efficiency. The results confirm that on-farm self-sufficiency in soil-improving inputs is positively related to farm-level efficiency.