The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Atmospheric concentrations of nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, particulate nitrate and particulate sulfate, and estimation of their dry deposition on the urban- and mountain-facing sides of Mt. Gokurakuji, Western Japan

Atmospheric concentrations of nitric acid (HNO₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulate nitrate and particulate sulfate on the urban- and mountain-facing sides of Mt. Gokurakuji were measured from November 2002 to October 2003, in order to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activity on air quality and dry deposited nitrate and sulfate on the surfaces of pine foliage. The results showed that HNO₃, SO₂ and concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the urban-facing side (1.54, 2.48 and 0.65 μg m⁻³, respectively) than the mountain-facing side (0.67, 1.19 and 0.37 μg m⁻³, respectively), while concentrations did not differ significantly between the two sides (urban-facing: 2.80 μg m⁻³; mountain−facing: 2.05 μg m⁻³). Indirect estimates of dry deposition rates of nitrate and sulfate to the surfaces of pine foliage based on the measured concentrations approximately agreed with the measured values determined by the foliar rinsing technique in a previous study. It was found that HNO₃ was the major source (approximately 80%) of dry deposited nitrate on pine foliage, while the contribution from was about equal to that from SO₂. In conclusion, HNO₃ and SO₂ appear to be dominant species reflecting higher dry deposition rates of nitrate and sulfate on the urban-facing side compared to the mountain-facing side of Mt. Gokurakuji.     

Structure and formation of conifer stands in the upper timberline ecotone on the North Chuya Ridge,Central Altai

The structure of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) stands and specific features of their formation have been studies in the forest-tundra ecotone on the North Chuya Ridge (2235–2475 m a.s.l.). Changes in the structure of these stands along the transition from the upper boundary of closed forests to the high-mountain tundra have proved to have an ambiguous pattern. Both tree species form mixed clusters of similar-aged trees in the lower part of the ecotone but grow singly, in scatters, in its upper part. The formation of conifer stands (tree clusters) in the lower part of the ecotone, on the slopes of the Aktru River valley, began during climate warming in the second half of the 19th century. The expansion of confers to its upper part took place markedly later, in the early 20th century (Siberian larch) or even in the 1930s (Siberian stone pine).     

马尾松、湿地松立体经营的试验研究

９８５～１９９３年在浙江省丽水地区进行了马尾松、湿地松与乔、灌、草、菌立体经营的试验研究，结果表明，松林立体经营可取得较好的生态和经济效益。     

硅烷化对云南松木材表面疏水性和润湿性的影响

利用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)对云南松木材进行表面改性,研究了木材改性前后的吸水率和表面接触角等性质的变化。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),对改性后的云南松进行了表征。结果表明,改性0—10d的木材吸水率从138.4%下降到111.1%;木材分别经过1d、2d和4d的硅烷化改性,甘油表面接触角从未改性时的88.7°上升到99.0°,蒸馏水表面接触角从54.2°上升到69.1°,二碘甲烷则从40.0°下降到31.9°。木材表面吸水率和表面接触角的变化证明,改性后木材表面的疏水性增强。与未改性的木材相比,经硅烷化处理后木粉的FTIR在1265cm-1位置出现了Si-(CH3)3特征峰,表明木材表面疏水性增强是由表面羟基与TMCS间发生了硅烷化反应所致。     

生态恢复过程中华山松林与天然林主要种群的生态位特征比较--以巫溪县红池坝为例

以群落样方为一维综合资源位，研究了炼山后华山松(Pinus armandii)针阔混交群落与天然林中主要乔木种群的生态位特征、并运用空间代替时间的方法，以天然林中种群生态位特征来预示华山松群落中种群生态位发展动态．结果表明：①依照各种群在两种林分中生态位宽度的变化动态，种群可分为生态位扩展型种、生态位衰退型种、生态位稳定型种和生态位敏感型种、②在华山松群落中，大量侵入的乡土树种已具有了较大的生态位宽度，但群落中种间生态位重叠值很高，显现出人工群落中种群生态位分化不良，种间竞争激烈，群落的组成结构不稳定．③天然林中大多数乡土树种的生态位宽度较之在华山松林中大为增加，但由于长期协同进化，种间生态位分化程度高，种间竞争较缓和，群落具有很高的稳定性．④天然群落比人工群落的种群生态位配置更优化，具有更高的稳定性．由此可见，在生态恢复工程中应充分发挥乡土树种的积极作用，尽可能以天然林群落的结构特征作为有益的参照以指导植被恢复与重建工程的实施．图2表3参17     

Evidence for selection in response to radiation exposure: Pinus sylvestris in the Chernobyl exclusion zone

Changes of genetic structures due to viability selection are likely to occur in populations exposed to rapidly and extremely changing environmental conditions after catastrophic events. However, very little is known about the extent of selective responses and in particular the proportion of the genome involved in putatively adaptive reactions for non-model plants. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in order to investigate genetic differences between pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees which were partially exposed to extreme environmental conditions. Genetic variation patterns of pines exposed to high radiation in the Chernobyl exclusion zone with or without phenotypic stress symptoms were compared to control trees with a similar origin. Six percent of the investigated loci (15 of 222 loci) were identified as candidates for selective responses. Moderate differentiation was observed between groups of trees showing either weak or strong phenotypic responses to high radiation levels.     

黄河流域秦岭主要林分凋落物的水文生态功能

用水量平衡场和收获法研究了秦岭松栎林带主要林型凋落物在生态系统水分循环和营养循环中的功能。26龄锐齿栎林、24龄油松林和24龄华山松林凋落物现存量平均值为17.475t/hm₂,排序为华山松林>油松林>锐齿栎林。3种林分年凋落物平均值为4.179t/hm₂,前者是后二者的1.4倍,但凋落物现存量不及后二者一半。生长季节,3种林分凋落物层蓄留量平均值为44.81mm,占同期大气降水量的4.47%,阔叶林较针叶林高。地面蒸发量及其蒸发率为:无林裸地>阔叶林地>针叶林地,无凋落物覆盖>凋落物覆盖;针叶林地表蒸发季节变化相对稳定,阔叶树的变化较大。3种林分凋落物N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量平均值分别为1.08%、0.07%、0.37%、1.37%和0.21%,锐齿栎林较大,油松林和华山松林则差异不大。凋落物主要营养元素积累量平均值为502.5kg/hm₂,排序为:油松林>华山松林>锐齿栎林。锐齿栎林、油松林和华山松林5种营养元素年吸收量、归还量分别为334.4kg/hm₂和147.2kg/hm₂,195.5kg/hm₂和66.9kg/hm₂及138.8kg/hm₂和80.4kg/hm₂,不同林分营养元素的年吸收量和归还量也存在一定差异。锐齿栎林不仅对林地营养元素要求较高,而且循环较快。     

Elevation-dependent genetic variation of plants and seed embryos in the Crimea Mountain population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don

In the Crimea Mountain population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don, the genetic structure of adult plants and embryos was studied along an elevation gradient (150, 400, 600, and 900 m a.s.l.). Ten polymorphic loci of six enzyme systems were examined. The degree of differentiation of plants from different elevations and their progeny with respect to genetic structure proved to be low, indicating the absence of strict isolation barriers that would interfere with gene flow along the elevation gradient.     

四川盆地桢楠和马尾松人工林土壤磷截留及淋溶流失特征

为理解人工林土壤磷截留与淋溶流失特征随降水格局的变化,研究了2013年12月至2014年12月期间,四川盆地桢楠和马尾松人工林土壤磷元素在旱季早期、旱季末期、雨季早期、雨季中期和雨季末期5个关键时期的输入、淋溶输出和截留过程.通过连续采样,分析了水溶性全磷(TDP)、水溶性有机磷(DOP)和溶解性反应磷(DRP).研究结果表明,桢楠和马尾松林土壤对TDP的截留量别为2.65和0.84 kg·hm-2·a-1,土壤TDP淋溶输出量分别为1.10和3.23 kg·hm-2·a-1,其中,截留和淋失的土壤DOP占TDP的84%以上.桢楠和马尾松林土壤的磷截留和淋溶输出过程主要集中于旱季早期、旱季末期和雨季早期,并且两地土壤DOP和TDP的淋溶输出量及桢楠林土壤DOP和DRP的截留量都随这3个时期呈显著增加趋势,马尾松林土壤DRP的截留量随5个时期呈递减趋势,且雨季早期的土壤DOP的截留量为-0.46 kg·hm-2,表现为净流失.桢楠人工林土壤在雨季中期和雨季末期的DRP也表现为净流失.桢楠林土壤DRP的输入量和截留量与降水量呈显著正相关(p0.01),其输出量与降水量不相关.马尾松林土壤DOP和DRP的输入量、土壤DOP的截留量和土壤DRP的输出量与降水量显著正相关(p0.01).此外,桢楠和马尾松林土壤磷的淋溶输出和截留量与对应磷组分的输入量呈显著正相关(p0.01),但马尾松林土壤DOP的截留量与DOP的输入量不相关.由此可见,桢楠和马尾松人工林土壤磷的淋溶输出形式以DOP为主,主要发生在旱季和雨季早期.