用马尔柯夫模型预测马尾松低效林改造恢复过程

运用马尔柯夫模型对四川盆地马尾松低效林改造恢复过程中林分各层次盖度、多样性指数和灌木层物种组成的变化趋势进行了预测．结果表明：马尔柯夫模型可适用于退化森林生态系统人工恢复重建过程的研究；四川盆地马尾松低效林可以自然恢复，但采用封育补植措施则能加快恢复进程．对马尔柯夫模型及预测结果进行了讨论．     

Antennal responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to volatiles collected from beetles,and their host and nonhost conifers

Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified 13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of the four species of conifers and very little difference across beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural roles in host location and discrimination.     

油松种子醇溶蛋白提取剂比较

采用乙醇、尿素、2氯乙醇、2巯基乙醇等配成的不同浓度和成分的提取剂提取了山西太岳龙门口、陕西洛南、辽宁千山和河北雾灵山4个不同油松种群的种子醇溶蛋白;用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(APAGE)对蛋白提取液进行分析.条带数目反映所提取醇溶蛋白的数量,谱带颜色深浅反映不同提取剂得到的某种醇溶蛋白的量.结果表明,不同提取剂提取的醇溶蛋白图谱存在明显差异.由1%2巯基乙醇和12%尿素组成的复合提取剂提取效果最佳,其次是由20%2氯乙醇、1%2巯基乙醇和12%尿素组成的复合提取剂.提取的醇溶蛋白的电泳图谱可以用于油松种群的遗传多样性分析和系统演化的研究.图1表2参11     

国外松人工促进天然更新初步研究

国外松飞子成林能力较强，在人工促进措施下进行天然更新，幼树的地径和树高生长速度达到人工造林水平，而每亩可节约造林成本34．95元，经济效益显著。值得大力推广。     

基于油松树轮宽度重建河北青龙过去123年平均相对湿度

相对湿度的研究对理解古气候变化有着重要的科学意义,但是目前国内利用树轮资料重建的历史时期相对湿度变化十分有限。本文利用油松树轮宽度重建了河北青龙地区1890—2012年5—7月的平均相对湿度变化,重建序列的方差解释量为39.1%(减少自由度后为38.0%)。重建序列显示出5个湿润期(1895—1899年,1906—1914年,1924—1926年,1950—1955年,1984—2000年)和5个干旱期(1900—1905年,1917—1921年,1927—1949年,1956—1973年,1975—1981年)。重建序列和观测数据均与邻近研究区的PDSI对应良好,表明该序列具有较强的空间代表性,可以反映河北北部地区的平均相对湿度变化情况。本研究表明研究区相对湿度变化不仅受局地气候控制,还可能受到ENSO影响。     

加勒比松幼林追肥试验研究

加勒比松1a生幼林氮磷钾不同配比的追肥试验表明，追肥后6a，肥效都极显著；其中以第2a的效果最显著，最大树高、胸径、材积分别比不追肥增加39．1％～52．6％、45．4％～109．3％和34．1％～405．6％；6a后肥效下降，但追肥仍比不追肥的树高、胸径、材积增长8．7％～20％、10．9％～17．9％、31．5％～54．7％。氮磷钾配合施用的效果最佳，施氮磷而缺钾有负效应。当氮磷钾相同配比（N30P30K30）时有特殊的低效应。     

Postfire Regeneration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinea</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis> Aiton in Andalucia (Spain)

The objective of this study was to examine postfire regeneration of tree, shrub, and dwarf shrub species, in relation to levels of damage in four planted pine forests (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster) in Andalusia. A prefire vegetation map was used for detailing species composition, vertical structure, and density and another for detailing the extent and intensity of fire damage. Between 3 and 7 years after the fires, an inventory was made of the vegetation in each area, using the step-point method. The information thus obtained was used to determine the amount of cover in the dwarf/shrub and tree layers, the frequency of species in each of the layers, floristic richness, and diversity (Shannon index). The botanical composition of the dwarf and shrub layer was analyzed using TWINSPAN. Variables were poorly correlated with level of fire damage, which suggests that the forests in this study followed the autosuccession model. Because of the artificial origin or seminatural condition, regeneration of the dominant tree species is poor, and it seems unlikely that forests will recover to their prefire state. Therefore action is recommended to restore these ecosystems.     

Air Pollution Effects on Annual Ring Widths of Forest Trees in Mountainous Land of Izmir (Turkey)

Annual ring widths of forest trees are affected from different ecologicalfactors (e.g. climate, soil, etc.) and also from air pollution. In the areas with intensive air pollution annual ring width reductions are observed. For this reason, some methods which detect the annual ring widths, in other words, the increase or decrease in diameter increments, are used to examine air pollution. Industrial establishments found in the northern part of Izmir city (Aliaga region) affect air quality of this area negatively. In this investigation, annual ring widths of 13 Pinus brutia Ten. (Calabrian pine) and 20 Pinus nigra Arnold. (Austrian pine) from 4 mountains (Karabelen, Manisa, Kemalpasa, and Yamanlar) with different altitudes and exposures around Izmir city were detected and the effects of air pollution on these trees were determined. Intensive effects of air pollution have started in 1985, for that reason, annual ring widths were examined through a reference period before this year and a study period (1985–1998) after this year and results are statistically evaluated. Annual ring widths of tree samples in the northern exposure were affected from air pollution, and some reductions were observed. These reductions increased when there is a long drought period.     

马尾松酸雨危害与次期性害虫之间关系的研究

本文通过使用罩笼接虫、林中置木招引、模拟酸雨试验小区置木招引的研究方法,对马尾松次期性害虫进行了招引试验.结果表明,受酸雨危害和用酸水处理的试材与对照试材相比,均易遭小蠹、天牛、象虫等次期性害虫的入侵危害.试材平均每100cm~2表面积虫孔数分别高2.2—3,0.5—1.6,0.8—1.0个.     

Ecophysiological Responses of Larix sibiricaLedeb. and Pinus sibiricaDu Tour Undergrowth to Climate Change

The effects of probable climate change—an increase in atmospheric CO₂(by two times), air temperature, precipitation—on CO₂exchange and temperature dependence of net photosynthesis in the larch and Siberian stone pine undergrowth formed in the light larch forests of West Siberia were studied in chambers with an artificial climate. The change of the aforementioned ecological factors caused an increase in the temperature optima of photosynthesis and the range of optimum temperatures (in the case of Siberian stone pine, to a slightly greater degree). Therefore, the ranges of both species may broaden, and the Siberian stone pine can expand to the north, displacing larch tree stands.