论环境移民

由于环境恶化，部分区域出现了一种特殊的人口迁移类型－－环境称民。环境移民是人口增长与环境容量之间矛盾的必然结果，本文对环境移民的概念、要素和实质作了初步的探讨。     

论人口-资源-环境-灾害恶性循环的严重性与减灾工作的新阶段

人口、资源、环境、灾害.这是当今世界考虑人类的生存与发展的四大基本问题,目前均已发出“黄牌警告”.抑制社会与自然向恶性循环方向发展,需唤起全人类的觉醒和国家领导更高的责任感:保护环境和防御大灾.需组织国际交流与协作:协词社会的发展与生存.需促使环保减灾工作纳入发展规划;提高环保减灾的效能.需推动其内部机制走向综合化和社会化,这是90年代国际和国内共同奋斗的目标. 我国是四大基本问题最为严重的少数国家之一,本文列述了有关的一些重要资料,以求在严酷的四大“黄牌”的总况面前.激起社会更广泛的觉醒和行动.最后,简述了对减灾工作的一些设想.     

重庆人口发展与生活污水治理对策的探讨

本文通过对重庆城区两江水质的分析表明：主要污染物来自人口急剧增加所产生的生活污水，从而提出了占地少、投资低、效果佳的沼气净化池处理方法和措施。     

模具制造的表面工程技术

针对模具制造和使用过程中的表面质量改性技术原理及应用特点进行了分析与研究 ,采用新的改性工艺 ,有利于提高模具的表面质量及使用寿命。     

Super-individuals a simple solution for modelling large populations on an individual basis

Modelling populations on an individual-by-individual basis has proven to be a fruitful approach. Many complex patterns that are observed on the population level have been shown to arise from simple interactions between individuals. However, a major problem with these models is that the typically large number of individuals needed requires impractically large computation times. The common solution, reduction of the number of individuals in the model, can lead to loss of variation, irregular dynamics, and large sensitivity to the value of random generator seeds. As a solution to these problems, we propose to add an extra variable feature to each model individual, namely the number of real individuals it actually represents. This approach allows zooming from a real individual-by-individual model to a cohort representation or ultimately an all-animals-are-equal view without changing the model formulation. Therefore, the super-individual concept offers easy possibilities to check whether the observed behaviour is an artifact of following a limited number of individuals or of lumping individuals, and also to verify whether individual variability is indeed an essential ingredient for the observed behaviour. In addition the approach offers arbitrarily large computational advantages. As an example the super-individual approach is applied to a generic model of the dynamics of a size-distributed consumer cohort as well as to an elaborate applied simulation model of the recruitment of striped bass.     

Genetic population structure and sociogenetic organisation in Formica truncorum (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)

Summary The genetic population structure and the sociogenetic organization of the red wood ant Formica truncorum were compared in two populations with monogynous colonies and two populations with polygynous colonies. The genetic population structure was analysed by measuring allele frequency differences among local subsets of the main study populations. The analysis of sociogenetic organisation included estimates of nestmate queen and nestmate worker relatedness, effective number of queens, effective number of matings per queen, relatedness among male mates of nestmate queens and relatedness between queens and their male mates. The monogynous populations showed no differentiation between subpopulations, whereas there were significant allele frequency differences among the subpopulations in the polygynous population. Workers, queens and males showed the same genetical population structure. The relatedness among nestmate workers and among nestmate queens was identical in the polygynous societies. In three of the four populations there was a significant heterozygote excess among queens. The queens were related to their male mates in the polygynous population analysed, but not in the monogynous ones. The data suggest limited dispersal and partial intranidal mating in the populations with polygynous colonies and outbreeding in the populations having monogynous colonies. Polyandry was common in both population types; about 50% of the females had mated at least twice. The males contributed unequally to the progeny, one male fathering on average 75% of the offspring with double mating and 45–80% with three or more matings. Correspondence to: L. Sundström     

上海南京深圳城市垃圾及处置的比较研究

介绍了上海、南京与深圳人口城市化的特点、城市垃圾的来源及产生量.揭示了垃圾成分的动态变化及有机发酵类废弃物增长较快及"白色污染"加剧的趋势,并提出对策.     

城市用地扩展对长沙市水系变化的影响

为了探讨水系变化与城市用地扩展之间的联系,为未来水生态修复及城市与生态环境协调发展提供依据及经验借鉴,基于长沙市1950s、1970s、1990s、2010s和2016年五期地形图及同期城市建设用地数据,对长沙市中心城区近60年来的五期水系及城市用地扩张情况进行统计,选取河网密度、水面率、干流河流曲度、河网发育系数指标定量描述水系变化特征。同时,运用城市用地扩张特征分析方法分析同期城市扩张的强弱与快慢,并叠加各流域范围内同期水系变化指标与城市拓展强度指标,分析长沙各阶段水系变迁与城市用地扩张强度之间的关系。研究表明：（1）城市建设用地扩展对城市水系数量及形态变化有直接影响;（2）各时期城市拓展强度均与水系特征指标值衰减速度呈正相关关系;（3）在城市扩展过程中破坏水系特征将加大水系生态、自然灾害风险,而有效的水生态保护政策和保护措施不仅可以使片区水系缩减趋势放缓,还可以加快周边用地扩展速度。     

长江经济带城市扩张与经济增长脱钩关系及其空间异质性

论文基于GIS平台及探索性空间数据分析方法（Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, ESDA）和脱钩模型,以地级行政单元为对象,分析2000—2013年长江经济带建设用地扩张、经济增长的时空差异及脱钩关系。研究表明：1）近15 a来,长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长具有明显的阶段性和区域性。热点分析显示,建设用地增长热点区呈扩散效应,冷点区逐渐缩小。而经济增长的冷、热点区演变格局与建设用地并不同步。2）2000—2013年,长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长耦合关系经历了“增长负脱钩、弱脱钩”为主—“弱脱钩”为主—“弱脱钩、增长连结”为主的变化过程。分析表明,近15 a来长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长脱钩程度整体趋于优化,其中,负脱钩类型的城市数量降低17.76%,而脱钩类型数量上升11.22%。3）脱钩程度的空间异质性分析显示,长江经济带各时期的城市扩张与经济增长脱钩关系具有弱空间集聚性。总体上,长三角城市群较长江中游、成渝及滇、黔城市群的脱钩程度表现更优。脱钩程度变化机制与城市产业结构、用地效率和用地模式等密切相关。加强土地利用规划管控力度、严格用途管制规则,引导城市精明增长,走内涵式新型城镇化道路是改变经济发展对建设用地扩张依赖的重要途径。     

2000—2015年深圳市建设用地坡谱演变研究

在受地形约束的快速城市化地区,建设用地水平扩张常伴有垂直爬坡过程。通过分析建设用地坡谱曲线形态及其变化特征,有助于认识该过程的时空分异及演变规律,进而科学指导相关国土规划实践。论文以深圳市及其所辖10个区为例,利用DEM及2000—2015年遥感影像构建地面坡谱和4期建设用地坡谱,借助陡峭度、均匀度、累加关键值等坡谱研究手段,分析该市建设用地坡谱演变特征。结果表明：深圳市建设用地坡谱变化特征总体表现为爬坡与填海共存,且以爬坡为主,总体爬坡速度保持相对稳定;该市各辖区建设用地坡谱曲线呈现不同变化特征,可归纳为爬坡主导型、填海主导型、混合型和稳定型;各辖区建设用地布局均集中于平缓区域,建设用地上坡程度整体属于轻度至中度,建设用地主流上限坡度分布范围为4°~14°,建设用地极端上限坡度分布范围为7°~20°。深圳市仍将面临建设用地继续爬坡的压力,相关坡度上限标准的科学制定与严格执行是把控建设用地爬坡进程的关键。