山东半岛北部海岸带城乡聚落扩展变化特征与驱动力分析

改革开放以来,山东半岛北部海岸带地区经济发展迅速,城乡聚落扩展明显,快速城镇化过程对区域土地利用和生态环境产生了深刻影响,因此,及时掌握城乡聚落的时空分布和变化特征对于区域可持续发展具有重要意义。论文以RS技术为主要手段,目视解译获取了研究区1986、1992和2004年3个典型时期的城乡聚落空间分布信息,并以此为基础,借助城镇扩展指数、重心、分形维数等指标,定量分析了城乡聚落的扩展特征,进一步探讨了扩展变化的影响因素。结果表明,研究时段内,城乡聚落扩展明显,其重心表现出从东南向西北转移的态势,并且扩展随意性非常大。在此基础上,进一步探讨了地区GDP、人口城市化率和固定资产投资等社会经济因素对城乡聚落扩展的影响。     

Scale-dependent analysis of an otter–crustacean system in Argentinean Patagonia

The Southern river otter or ‘huillin’, Lontra provocax, is an endangered species endemic of the Andean Patagonian region of Argentina and Chile. It feeds almost exclusively on the genera of macro-crustacea: Aegla and Sammastacus. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of food availability on the huillin’s distribution using a scale-dependent analysis of crustacean and otter distributions. We compared the distributions of otters and macro-crustaceans along a north–south regional gradient, between river basins of northern Patagonia, in an altitudinal gradient within a river basin, and between habitat types within a lake. We investigated the distribution of otters by sign surveys along lake shores, river banks and marine coasts, and of crustaceans using surveys in the water, undigested remains in mink (Mustela vison) scats, presence of external skeletons at the waterside and through interviews with local people. Our results show that there were heterogeneities in the distributions of macro-crustaceans at four scales and these were generally reflected in the distributions of freshwater otters. We conclude that the main factor limiting the distributions of L. provocax in freshwater environments is the availability of macro-crustaceans. This paper shows how scale-dependent type analyses of population distribution serves as a method for identifying key environmental factors for species for which the use of long-term demographies is unfeasible.     

扰动法在风网解算中的应用研究*

为简化矿井通风复杂风网的解算,提出将扰动法引入到风网解算中,并介绍扰动法的原理、风网解算的基本定律;给出常见的固定风压、固定风量和给定风机性能函数3种风机工况下的扰动方程矩阵表达式及详细的计算过程;对所提风网解算方法进行实例验证。结果表明:扰动法作为固定运算次数的近似方法,在工程实际允许的误差范围内,相比于以牛顿法为代表的迭代法耗时少、不依赖初值,是1种简单实用的风网解算方法。     

温度作用下混凝土拼接桥梁拼接缝界面剪应力研究*

为探究拼宽混凝土桥梁在温度效应下连接缝位置产生的界面剪应力问题,考虑施工过程中现浇拼接缝混凝土各项参数的变化,以某高速公路拼接桥梁为研究对象,基于初等梁理论提出1种考虑纵向温度应力的拼宽桥梁界面剪应力力学模型。结果表明:拼接缝混凝土弹性模量的改变对拼接缝界面剪应力的数值和分布形态影响较小;新梁和旧梁的线膨胀系数差异越大拼接缝界面剪应力越大;研究得到不同拼宽宽度下拼宽桥界面局部剪切柔度修订值的变化规律,并拟合变化公式。     

Cannabis use and self-reported collisions in a representative sample of adult drivers

PROBLEM: This study examines the relationships between collision involvement and several measures of cannabis use, including driving after using cannabis, among drivers, based on a population survey of Ontario adults in 2002 and 2003. METHOD: Logistic regression analyses examined self-reported collision involvement in the last 12 months by lifetime use of cannabis, past year use of cannabis, and past year driving after using cannabis, while controlling for demographic characteristics. RESULTS: We found that the odds of reporting collision involvement was significantly higher among cannabis users, and among those who reported driving after cannabis use. Some evidence for a dose-response relationship was seen as well. DISCUSSION: Cannabis users and people who report driving after cannabis use are also more likely to report being involved in a collision in the past year. These observations suggest that collision prevention efforts could be aimed at these groups. Additional work to determine the causal pathways involved in the relationships observed here is needed. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: None.     

可膨胀石墨瞬时膨化模型及理论计算

根据基础爆轰波模型,结合燃爆剂和可膨胀石墨混合物的反应特点,提出了较为可行的可膨胀石墨瞬时膨化模型,并利用能量守恒定律、气体等熵膨胀方程、燃爆和膨化反应方程,对膨化完成后产物的热力学参数进行理论求解,为研究膨胀石墨扩散奠定了基础.     

浅谈管道隔振

在建筑工程中管道系统作为介质输送的必备条件,虽然管道自身不会产生振动,但是管道在与相关振动设备连接时则变成了传递振动的"振桥",在隔振设计时经常被忽视。本文主要讲述了冷冻机房内水管路吊挂,落地安装及通风系统中风管吊装时的几种减振降噪做法,还包括了经常被大家忽视的管道穿墙隔振的做法,分别通过添加弹簧减振器、弹簧吊架、橡胶减振垫、橡胶挠性接管、金属软管、波纹管补偿器等减振器材,使得振源通过管道产生振动的传导大大降低,并且记述了一些减振设备在安装时应注意的事项。     

基于ANSYS的裂隙岩体全充填介质膨胀效应的数值模拟

依据采矿区裂隙岩体中存在的具有鲜明水理性质的膨胀性充填物,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对裂隙全充填的岩体进行了数值模拟计算,重点探讨了膨胀性充填介质对裂隙岩体位移、应力场的影响。结果表明:裂隙充填物的膨胀效应增大了裂隙岩体各应力的分量,因此当计算的裂隙岩体应力呈非线性分布时,应综合考虑裂隙充填物吸水膨胀效应,否则计算结果将偏于不安全;导致裂隙扩展的楔切效应显著,但裂隙岩体未受到拉张和剪切破坏。通过将模拟结果与实测结果进行对比分析,验证了该模拟方法的有效性和可靠性。     

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth: A Case Study for Jinan Municipality,China

Abstract

China is experiencing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization at the cost of agricultural land and environment, particularly in the costal areas. This study takes Jinan as a case presenting a time-series analysis of urban land expansion from 313 to 2003. The results show that the urban expansion of Jinan city mainly took place in the last 100 years, especially after the economic reform in 1978. Social development and economic growth, urban population growth and migration policies were factors driving the urban land expansion. Urban sprawl resulted in a disappearance of wetlands and a great loss of agricultural land, and over-pumping of ground water that led to disappearance of the city's feature, namely “the city of springs”.     

闽江河口芦苇和短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物-土壤系统氮分布及转运特征的影响

选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地及二者空间扩展过程中形成的交错带湿地为研究对象,探讨了空间扩展影响下湿地植物-土壤系统氮分布、转运特征及其影响因素.结果表明,空间扩展影响下交错带湿地土壤氮含量发生了较大改变,其全氮（TN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量相比芦苇湿地分别降低了15.52%和6.08%,但相比短叶茳芏湿地分别增加了20.61%和4.33%;其硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量相比芦苇湿地及短叶茳芏湿地分别降低了5.79%和13.84%.空间扩展主要通过改变植物生态特征、土壤EC及其颗粒组成而对湿地土壤氮的空间分布产生影响.空间扩展影响下湿地植物不同器官的TN含量亦发生了明显变化.相对于空间扩展前的纯群落,空间扩展后交错带芦苇和交错带短叶茳芏各器官的TN含量均明显增加;同时,在空间扩展后的交错带群落中,短叶茳芏各器官的TN含量均高于芦苇,前者主要与交错带植被对悬浮颗粒物拦截作用增强从而导致更多养分输入有关,后者主要与交错带短叶茳芏和芦苇对氮养分吸收与转运能力的差异有关.研究发现,相较于 短叶茳芏,空间扩展过程中的芦苇无论在氮养分吸收利用还是在向地上转运氮养分方面均处于明显优势,而这可能是导致短叶茳芏生态空间逐步被芦苇占据的一个重要因素.