SPECIAL CASES OF WATER SUPPLY INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEAR TORONTO,ONTARIO, CANADA1

Since 1961, control over water-supply interference problems in the Province of Ontario has been provided under The Ontario Water Resources Commission Act. A section of The Act requires persons taking more than 10,000 imperial gallons per day of water for purposes other than domestic, stock or fire-fighting to have a permit and to take the water in accordance with specified terms and conditions. Construction of some new wells, sewers, and roads to meet the needs of urban development has caused interference with both ground- and surface-water supplies. In cases of serious interference, the Commission has required that steps be taken to restore water supplies or prevent continued interference. Two cases are described where municipalities in the Toronto area restored supplies to overcome serious interference with several private wells and streamflow during testing and operation of a 500-imperial gpm municipal well adjacent to a normally effluent stream, and varying degrees of interference with private wells caused by dewatering at rates up to 2000-imperial gpm for the installation of a trunk sewer.     

Environmental policy expansion in the EU: the intriguing case of bioinvasion regulation

ABSTRACT

While bioinvasion was an issue of low political salience in Europe, a new regulation addressing it was adopted in 2014 with strong support. This article analyzes the making of the regulation as an intriguing case of policy expansion amid economic crisis. Based on theoretical literature on drivers of EU policy integration and policy dismantling, alternative plausible explanations are explored. Our main finding is that development of economic policy consensus among member states on trade-environment nexus was crucial for progress towards regulatory action. Policy consensus has been driven by a confluence of three domestic factors: trade liberalization, market disintegration, and changing ideas about the desirability of EU-level law, with the European Commission as policy entrepreneur. Low political salience has also had an important effect. It has increased the influence of transnational conservation alliances, which have played a significant catalytic role in building consensus by shifting consciousness to economic reward of policy action vs inaction, and bringing international models for legislative reform to the EU jurisdiction.     

ON THE CAPACITY-EXPANSION OF DESALINATION PLANTS AND STORAGE TANKS1

ABSTRACT A mathematical programming model is structured to find the optimal time and capacity expansion path of desalination plants and storage tanks for a hypothetical community which depends on desalination as its sole, or major, water supply source. The objective is to determine the least costly combination of sues and times of installation (of both desalting plants and storage tanks) which can meet a rising water demand over a finite planning horizon. The optimality criterion used in the model is based on two major economic elements: the economies of scale inherent in such facilities and the time-value of money represented by the interest rate, the former favoring large capacities and the latter small capacities. The model is applied using three population growth patterns and two interest rates. The water demand components for every year in the planning period are computed using empirical formulas which are based on population and other basic data. The model is solved for each of the above cases with the aid of a computer program based on the method of feasible conjugate directions. The results clearly reflect the balance between the economies of scale and the time-value of money under every demand growth function.     

安徽省城市用地扩张及城市化特征研究

根据安徽省1991-2005年城市建成区的扩展情况，从城市空间扩展动态度来对安徽省17个地级市进行城市扩展分类，由此得到城市空间扩展不同梯度的扩展类型。结合社会经济统计数据对安徽城市化特征进行分析，发现安徽省城市化取得了显著的成就，并在此基础上提出了面临的挑战，为城市化进程及城市土地资源的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Characteristics of phosphorus fractionated from the sediment resuspension in abrupt expansion flow experiments

Phosphorous (P) fraction characteristics in sediment resuspension were investigated under adequately hydrodynamic conditions. Four forms of P in overlying water, including dissolved inorganic P, dissolved total P, total P, and particulate P, and six fractions of P in suspended particulate matter (SPM), including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), aluminum-bound P (Al- P), organic P (NaOH-nrP), calcium-bound P (Ca-P) and residual P (Res-P), were quantified, respectively. Di erent hydrodynamic conditions resulted in di erent P form changes. Four states could be ascribed: (1) P desorption by sediment and SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (2) P desorption by SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (3) P adsorption by SPM, and P desorption by overlying water; and (4) P equilibrium between SPM and overlying water. The contents of P in overlying water acquired peak values in the middle position of the vertical P distribution due to the combined actions of SPM and sediment. P fractions in SPM were in the following order: BD-P > NaOH-nrp > Ca-P > Al-P > Res-P > NH4Cl-P. BD-P in SPM frequently exchanged with P forms in overlying water. Resuspension was favorable to forming Ca-P in SPM.     

The importance of heterozygosity in a frog’s life

High genetic variability may increase metabolic efficiency and thus allows responding to environmental challenges as limits to adaptation are approached. Therefore, it has been suggested that high genetic variability contributes strongly to the fitness of an individual. Survival to high age may thus depend on high genetic variability, and genetically variable individuals may have a higher survival rate to high ages in comparison to less variable sympatric conspecifics. Such a heterozygosity × age relationship might be more readily detectable in stressful as compared to benign environments. For testing the relationship between age and heterozygosity, we genetically analyzed 71 individuals of the frog species Rana perezi from a total of seven populations at 13 allozyme loci. The age of the individuals was determined by skeletochronology. We found effects on age of both environment and allozyme heterozygosity, especially in populations with high stress regimes. A significant heterozygosity × age relationship has so far rarely been shown in natural populations. The result of our analysis suggests that more heterozygous individuals have a higher longevity and may be an important source of genetic variability of a population, likely contributing to a stabilization of the effective population size.     

土地利用规划对建设用地扩张的管控效果分析——基于一致性与有效性的复合视角

为了研究土地利用规划对建设用地扩张的管控效果,论文从规划目标一致性与实施有效性两个视角出发构建概念模型,选择GIS空间分析方法与Logistic计量模型作为技术支撑,对江苏通州进行案例研究。结果表明:1基于一致性视角,从空间规模与空间结构控制效果来看,通州土地利用总体规划在2002—2010年间对建设用地扩张的管控效果较差,对具体地类而言,新增城镇工矿用地的管控效果要优于农村居民点用地;2基于有效性视角,规划对建设用地扩张具有显著影响,规划确定的建设预留区对建设用地扩张起到了明显的空间引导作用,但与预期相反,规划基本农田保护区却未发挥出应有的约束作用;3综合来看,规划实施的一致性较差,且规划管控仅在一定程度上有效,处于不完全理想的状态;4对比可知,发展到一定阶段之后,空间区位变量对建设用地扩张的驱动作用会相对更强,意味着集聚发展可能成为必然,有必要强化规划实施的空间管控效果。该模型能够较好地评价土地利用规划对建设用地扩张的管控效果,可为完善规划实施评价的理论与技术方法提供参考。     

城市化进程中的土地利用问题研究--以江苏省为例

改革开放以来,随着经济的发展,我国城市化进程不断加快,环境污染、交通拥挤、人地矛盾冲突加剧等问题随之产生。江苏省作为我国东部沿海经济最发达的省份之一,城市化提升速度高于全国平均水平,从1978年的13.7％上升到2002年的44.7％,产生的城市问题具有典型代表性。在对江苏省1978年以来城市化发展和城市建成区面积变化特征分析的基础上,进一步探寻城市用地中存在的问题及其成因。结果表明：随着城市化水平的提高,建成区面积不断扩展,2000年是1991年的1.5倍,人均建成区面积也不断上升,小城市上升幅度最大,为40 m2,特大城市最小,为17 m2,人均建成区面积从小城市到特大城市呈倒三角形分布,经济发展和用地配置机制及20世纪90年代以来兴起的开发区、城市新区建设是城市用地扩展的主要驱动因素。在城市用地中存在用地效率不高、土地供求矛盾尖锐等问题,应当加强土地管理,挖掘土地利用潜力,提高土地利用效率。     

三峡工程开县移民安置环境系统的多目标优化决策

着重探讨运用多目标优化决策方法处理三峡工程开县移民问题。根据各目标在优化中不同的重要性,采用线性加权构造评价函数的方法取代通用的单一约束规划方法,并选用人均口粮、农业产值、水土保持和森林面积作为决策目标,从而提出了一个在多个目标之间协调优化、综合决策的估算模式;对模型的有效性进行了分析,井测算出开县农业生态环境对移民安置的承载能力,为寻求移民安置的优化方案提供科学依据,以使移民得以长治久安。     

三相生物流化床膨胀特性方程的研究

研究建立了描写三相生物流化床床层膨胀特性的经验关联式．当已知床内表观液速、表观气速和载体上生物膜厚度时,能比较准确地预测床层膨胀高度,为设计提供依据．与以往不同的是,本研究通过等效函数的设置和求解,用一个方程将两相床和三相床的膨胀特性描述出来．该方程能反映三相床低气速下的床层收缩行为,在气速为零时可还原为两相床．试验用反应器直径１．４ｍ,高６．５ｍ,载体为０．３—０．５ｍｍ的石英砂,射流曝气体内充氧．４种生物膜厚：５２,８０,１１５,１３７μｍ．试验用生活污水ＢＯＤ５４７．６—７７．２ｍｇ／Ｌ．