A finite element method to solve a population dynamics stage-structured model of intertidal barnacles

Many marine organisms are fixed or highly sedentary as adults but the adult population may be strongly dependent on the oceanic transport of planktonic larvae. In order to assess interactions between oceanographic and biological processes that determine the population dynamics of marine organisms with a sessile adult phase restricted to the coastline and a planktonic larval phase, we present a stage-structured finite element model for the barnacle Balanus glandula that inhabits the rocky intertidal zone of central California, USA.     

硫磺回收装置扩能改造及效果分析

介绍了回收酸性气体生产硫磺的工艺原理与工艺流程,论述了影响硫磺回收装置生产能力的诸多因素与扩能改造的情况。扩能改造后,该装置的酸性气体处理量平均为976m^3／h,瞬时处理量可达1200m^3／h,硫磺的生产能力从4450t／a提高到7500t／a,生产能力提高了68．5％,装置总硫回收率达到93．5％。     

Research on the threshold effect of population aging on the industrial structure upgrading in China

This paper constructs coefficients of the integral and the internal structure upgrading in the secondary and tertiary industries, selects per capita real gross domestic product as a threshold variable and build panel threshold model according to inter-provincial panel data of China from 1998 to 2016. Results indicated that population aging has a double threshold effect on the integral industrial structure upgrading, whose influence increases first and then decreases, significantly promoting the upgrading process. As for internal structure, population aging has no significant threshold effect on the upgrading in the secondary industry, but exerts a single negative threshold effect in the tertiary industry. When economic development is under the threshold, its negative impact is greater. Further analysis also suggests that regional differences exist significantly in the threshold effect of population aging on the industrial structure upgrading.     

煤层气开采过程中渗透率模型比较研究

为了得到煤层气开采过程中渗透率的准确预测模型,分析了不同泊松比和孔隙压力下的储层孔隙率变化规律,通过理论分析对4种经典渗透率模型进行了比较研究。研究结果表明: P&M模型和C&B模型对泊松比敏感度较小,改进P&M模型和S&D模型对泊松比敏感度较大;改进P&M模型能有效反映渗透率变化趋势,在p＜1.4 MPa和p＞4.1 MPa时k/k0数值拟合度较高;P&M模型和S&D模型不能准确描述p＜1.4 MPa时k/k0变化情况,而在p＞1.4MPa时k/k0数值拟合度较高;煤层渗透率随孔隙压力增大表现为“U”型趋势,包含低孔隙压力骤减区、中孔隙压力稳定区和高孔隙压力稳步升高区3个阶段,改进P&M和S&D模型更能表现煤层气渗透率随孔隙压力变化趋势。     

基于物理降温静态爆破防喷孔实验研究

为了解决静态爆破水化过程中因周围介质散热太慢导致的喷孔问题,基于物理降温原理,利用水比热容大、吸热能力强和钢质材料导热性能好的特点,吸收水化产生大量的热,研制一种静态爆破防喷孔装置,对静态爆破过程中破碎剂的温度和膨胀力进行测试。研究表明:未加防喷孔装置,破碎剂反应迅速,破碎剂的温度和膨胀力剧增,能量集聚,容易发生喷孔;加防喷孔装置,破碎剂水合温度增加缓慢,膨胀力增加稳定,且不影响最终膨胀力值,达到防喷孔的目的。     

锂盐改性对累托石结构及吸附性能的影响

采用水热法制备了锂盐改性累托石。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积/孔容积(BET/BJH)等表征手段,分析了锂盐改性累托石的结构变化。结果表明,锂盐改性并未改变累托石的片层结构,但可使其层间距和孔容积明显增大。为了进一步探索累托石锂盐改性前后的性能变化及蒙脱石层的变化,测定了锂盐改性累托石的膨胀倍及胶质价。锂盐改性累托石的膨胀体积为77m L/g,远大于未改性的原累托石(13 m L/g),胶质价也由改性前的12 m L/3g增至198 m L/3g。锂盐改性累托石的吸附性能大大提高,对亚甲基蓝的吸附量高达210.8 mg/g。     

重庆市不同空间尺度建设用地演进特征与景观格局分析

研究不同空间尺度下城市土地利用的演变过程和变化特征,有助于深入了解和揭示城市土地利用演变时空差异和内在影响机制。以重庆市主城区为例,基于研究区1978~2013年多时序的MSS和Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,利用Arc GIS技术和景观格局分析理论,从研究区整体尺度、区域尺度和各区尺度等3种空间尺度对研究区建设用地演进特征和景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)1978~2013年研究区不同空间尺度建设用地面积变化趋势基本相似,综合扩展程度指数变化特征也存在一定的规律。在2001年之后研究区建设用地演进过程由低缓发展向高速递增阶段过渡,各区尺度建设用地扩展深受地貌、经济、政策、交通等影响因素的干扰;(2)在不同空间尺度新增斑块数目对比中,边缘扩展模式与跳跃扩展模式的主导优势先后发生3次转换,而在新增斑块面积比对比中边缘扩展模式始终保持绝对优势,填充扩展模式分别在新增斑块数目和面积比的比较中均处于弱势;(3)随着时间的变化,就整体尺度上景观指数变化而言,景观破碎度和景观多样性明显增加,斑块形状趋于简单和规则化,斑块之间连通性不断提高,与城市化进程趋于吻合。但区域尺度和各区尺度深受国家政策环境的影响,景观指数变化则相对复杂。研究结论有助于从空间尺度对城市扩展信息进行挖掘和理解,为其城市规划和土地管理提供一定的科学依据。     

A bunch of tiny individuals—Individual-based modeling for microbes

The individual-based (aka agent-based) approach is now well established in ecological modeling. Traditionally, most applications have been to organisms at higher trophic levels, where the importance of population heterogeneity (intra-population variability), complete life cycles and behavior adapted to internal and external conditions has been recognized for some time. However, advances in molecular biology and biochemistry have brought about an increase in the application of individual-based modeling (IBM) to microbes as well. This literature review summarizes 46 IBM papers for bacteria in wastewater treatment plants, phytoplankton in ocean and inland waters, bacteria in biofilms, bacteria in food and other environs, and “digital organisms” and “domesticated computer viruses” in silico. The use of IBM in these applications was motivated by population heterogeneity (45%), emergence (24%), absence of a continuum (5%), and other unknown reasons (26%). In general, the challenges and concepts of IBM modeling for microbes and higher trophic levels are similar. However, there are differences in the microbe population dynamics and their environment that create somewhat different challenges, which have led to somewhat different modeling concepts. Several topics are discussed, including producing, maintaining and changing population heterogeneity (different life histories, internal variability, positive feedback, inter-generation memory), dealing with very large numbers of individuals (different up-scaling methods, including representative space vs. super-individual, number vs. biomass based, discrete vs. continuous kinetics, various agent accounting methods), handling space, simulating interactions with the extracellular environment (hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian approach), modeling agent–agent interaction (self-shading, predation, shoving) and passive transport (random walk with spatially variable diffusivity, well-mixed reactors). Overall, the literature indicates that the application of IBM to microbes is developing into a mature field. However, several challenges remain, including simulating various types of agent–agent interactions (formation and function of colonies or filaments, sexual reproduction) and even smaller individuals (viruses, genes). Further increases in intracellular detail and complexity in microbe IBMs may be considered the combination of systems biology and systems ecology, or the new field of systems bioecology.     

Modelling crayfish population dynamics using catch data: A size-structured model

In this study we explore a rather unique time series (1979–2002) of catch data of the crayfish Astacus astacus in Lake Steinsfjorden (SE Norway) in combination with temperature data and data on Canadian pondweed Elodea canadensis coverage. In 1977, E. canadensis was for the first time observed in the lake. Over the following years, the plant established dense covers over large parts of the shallow areas, excluding the crayfish from these areas and causing a sudden drop in population size. A size-structured model with bi-stability including a range of observed stage-specific life-cycle attributes (e.g. growth, fecundity, fertility, sex-ratio), population specific parameters and density-dependant (shelters, cannibalism, unspecified predators, competition between individuals, catch, number of traps) as well as density independent factors (temperature and Elodea coverage) were constructed to evaluate the various drivers for the population dynamics, and as a predictive tool for assessing the effects of future changes. Our model revealed that the decline primarily was due to density-dependant effect of the Elodea expansion with reduced number of hides and thus increased risk for predation and cannibalism, but also that temperature played an important role related to recruitment. The model should be relevant for crayfish stock management in general, and by demonstrating the major role of temperature, it is also relevant for predicting population responses under a changing climate. The model should also be applicable to other crustaceans and species with discrete growth and late maturation.     

Competition, predation and coexistence in a three trophic system

Simple ecological models that mostly operate with population densities using continuous variables, explain quite well the behavior of real populations. In this work we propose and discuss the continuous dynamics of a system of three species, which belongs to the well-known family of Lotka–Volterra models. In particular, the proposed model includes direct effects such as predation and competition among species, and indirect effects such as refuge. The model is proposed to explain recent studies about a group of crustacean (amphipods of genus Hyallela) found in all the plain streams and shallow lakes of the American continent. The studied system includes three compartments: algae, a strictly herbivore amphipod and an omnivore (herbivore and carnivore) one. The analysis of the model shows that there are stable extinction equilibria throughout all the parameters’ space. There are also equilibria with stable coexistence of the three species and two interesting binary equilibria: one with stable coexistence of algae and herbivore and other with coexistence between algae and omnivore amphipods. The presence of Allee effect in the algae growth and the existence of refuge for the herbivore amphipod (prey) determine a bottom-up control.