快速城市化背景下的城市土地储备策略研究——以深圳市龙岗区为例

随着我国城市化进程的快速推进,土地储备作为土地资源集约利用和优化配置的重要手段,已在许多城市开展。从主要城市目前土地储备计划制定过程来看,普遍存在资金导向和项目需求问题,使其缺乏与城市发展规划间的协调,易导致区域整体利益下降。因此,科学合理地制定土地储备与供应计划,改资金导向型为功能导向型,改项目需求型为规划引导型,通过土地储备制度实现城市土地资源的资产化、土地资产的资本化,确保国有土地资产保值增值是土地储备计划研究的基本目的。论文以深圳市龙岗区为例,从城市建设用地需求预测入手,利用GIS技术,进行了土地储备潜力分析与评价,并据此确定土地储备数量与时序,就如何合理制定土地储备计划进行了初步研究。     

土地利用景观格局对城市扩张影响研究

我国处于快速城市化阶段,城市化过程所带来的问题十分突出。针对城市扩张问题,涌现出大量关于城市扩张影响因素以及城市扩张建模的研究。目前对城市扩张行为进行研究选取的影响因素主要可以分为两类:①空间可达性以及空间约束,包括水源、道路、城市中心等可达性,地形、保护用地等约束;②社会经济因素,包括人口增长、经济增长、政策等。该研究突破传统城市扩张影响因素研究范围,选择从城市土地利用景观格局特征来研究城市扩张,以北京市为例分析了按网格划分提取的多种景观格局指标与建设用地增长之间的相关性,并探讨了时间尺度对探测这种相关性的影响。从结果当中可以得到以下3个结论:城市景观格局特征对于非建设用地向建设用地转化在位置与数量上的影响机制有稳定性;时间尺度对于正确地表达它们之间的关系至关重要;由于不同时期城市化特征的差异,其关系不断发生变化。     

Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia

Land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands is considered to be one of the major problems threatening agricultural development and food security in the country. However, knowledge about the forces driving the long-term dynamics in land resources use is limited. This research integrates biophysical information with socio-economic processes and policy changes to examine the dynamics of land resource use and farmers' livelihoods in the Beressa watershed for over 40 years during the second half of the 20th century. It was found that there have been substantial dynamics in land resource use in the area. The natural vegetation cover has been extensively cleared, although most of the cleared areas have since been replaced with plantations. Grazing land has expanded remarkably at the expense of cropland and bare land. However, the expansion of cropland was minimal over the 43-year period despite a quadrupling of the population density. Yields have not increased to compensate for the reduction in per capita cropland, and the soil quality appears to be not that good. Though the farmers perceived it otherwise, the long-term rainfall pattern has improved. In response to soil degradation, water shortage, socio-economic and policy changes, farmers have tended to gradually change from annual cropping to tree planting and livestock production to cope with the problems of soil degradation, water scarcity and smaller farms. Income diversification through the sale of wood and cattle dung is becoming a major livelihood strategy. Apparently, however, little attention has been paid to investments in soil and water conservation (SWC) and local soil fertility amendments. In particular, increased erosion and related high nutrient losses in sediments, as well as the removal of potentially available soil nutrients through the sale of manure threatens to damage agricultural sustainability in the area.     

Impact of Urban Sprawl on Water Quality in Eastern Massachusetts,USA

A study of water quality, land use, and population variations over the past three decades was conducted in eastern Massachusetts to examine the impact of urban sprawl on water quality using geographic information system and statistical analyses. Since 1970, eastern Massachusetts has experienced pronounced urban sprawl, which has a substantial impact on water quality. High spatial correlations are found between water quality indicators (especially specific conductance, dissolved ions, including Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl, and dissolved solid) and urban sprawl indicators. Urbanized watersheds with high population density, high percentage of developed land use, and low per capita developed land use tended to have high concentrations of water pollutants. The impact of urban sprawl also shows clear spatial difference between suburban areas and central cities: The central cities experienced lower increases over time in specific conductance concentration, compared to suburban and rural areas. The impact of urban sprawl on water quality is attributed to the combined effects of population and land-use change. Per capita developed land use is a very important indicator for studying the impact of urban sprawl and improving land use and watershed management, because inclusion of this indicator can better explain the temporal and spatial variations of more water quality parameters than using individual land use or/and population density.     

基于生态约束的城市开发边界模拟研究——以南京为例

城市开发边界划定是国土空间规划的重要内容,也是实施国土空间管治、城乡建设管理和生态安全管控的关键抓手,对于推动城市空间高质量发展具有基础性和约束性作用。综合利用回归分析模型、InVEST模型和CA模型,探索构建基于生态约束的城市开发边界划定方法,并以南京市中心城区为例,在评价城市生态用地重要性和建设用地空间扩展潜力基础上,开展不同目标年份的城市用地扩张模拟,据此划定城市开发边界。研究表明：城市建设用地扩张具有动态性、复杂性、系统性特征,受到多因子相互作用,基于生态约束的城市开发边界模拟能够兼顾城市空间发展需求和居民高品质生态环境诉求,促进城市发展与生态保护相统一、人口经济和资源环境相协调,有助于丰富城市开发边界划定方法研究,为国土空间规划编制提供科学参考。     

江西省2001-2005年森林植被碳储量及 区域分布特征

利用"十五"期间(2001-2005年)江西省森林资源二类清查资料,根据优势树种生物量扩展方程,估算江西省森林植被的碳储量和碳密度,并分析其地理分布特征。江西省森林植被的总碳储量为263.87 Tg C(1 Tg C=10⁶ t),其中林分碳储量为214.70 Tg C。在11个地市中,赣州市的森林植被碳储量最大,为70.11 Tg C,其次是吉安市、上饶市和宜春市。江西省森林植被的平均碳密度为26.27 t/hm²,林分平均碳密度为27.20 t/hm²,各地市森林植被的平均碳密度景德镇市最大,为31.65 t/hm²,其次为宜春市、吉安市和鹰潭市。各森林类型中,杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林的碳储量最大,为73.77 Tg C,占江西省林分碳储量的34.36％;硬阔林的碳密度大于其他类型森林,为42.64 t/hm²,是江西省森林植被平均碳密度的1.5倍多。幼、中龄林的碳储量占全省林分碳储量的81.95％,碳密度随着龄级的增长而增加。     

濒危植物矮牡丹种群生物量的研究

对矮牡丹种群生物量的研究表明,矮牡丹地上无性小株的叶、茎干和根系的生物量可分别用m1（DW）＝－0．232＋000771A,ms（DW）＝0．370＋0．18000（D2H1）,mr（DW）＝1．54＋0．000338（AH1）来表示象矮牡丹这种似棕榈型生长型的小灌木,植冠面积容易测得,用植冠面积进行叶重的模拟最为准确随年龄的增长,矮牡丹种群各部分生物量都呈指数模式增长     

中亚热带次生林成林规律及经营技术研究——Ⅰ.次生林环境背景分析与类型划分

本文分析了湖南省中亚热带次生林优势种群间的联结和环境梯度。通过研究,将全省次生林划分为8大类型即暖性针叶林、温性针叶林、干热性常绿阔叶林、干暖性常绿阔叶林、暖湿性常绿阔叶林、温湿性常绿阔叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林和温性落叶阔叶林等。     

珠江口沿岸土地利用变化及其地表热环境遥感分析

以遥感和GIS为技术手段,选择四期TM/ETM＋影像为数据源,对珠江口沿岸区域的土地利用及其地表热环境的变化进行了定量分析。1990—2008年期间,建设用地扩展是珠江口区域土地利用变化最为显著的特征,建设用地从1990年的605.50km^2增加到2008年的2394.26km^2。土地利用变化导致区域热环境效应增强,并促使不同土地利用类型在7个热力区间中的组成发生变化。珠江口东岸建设用地在数量上的优势使得珠江口的热力重心始终分布在东岸。研究结果表明,以建设用地扩展为突出特征的土地利用变化,深刻影响着区域热环境。     

常熟城区空气细菌的分布及区系组成

为了调查常熟城区空气细菌的分布及区系组成,在常熟城区近地面空间（1.5m-2.0m),采用自然沉降法检测空气细菌数量并对细菌菌落进行初步鉴定。结果表明,不同功能区空气细菌数量有较大差异;细菌区系组成差异不大,分属于9个属,其中优势菌为葡萄球菌属、微球菌属和芽孢杆菌属。指出,应增加城市绿化面积,适当降低人口密度,以减少空气细菌的数量。