The effect of metal pollution on the population genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) residing in the River Hayle, Cornwall, UK

The River Hayle in south-west England is impacted with metals and can be divided into three regions depending on the copper and zinc concentrations: a low-metal upper section; a highly-contaminated middle section and a moderately contaminated lower section. Hayle river water is toxic to metal-naive brown trout, but brown trout are found in the upper and lower regions. The study aimed to evaluate the population genetic structure of River Hayle brown trout and to determine if the highly-contaminated section acts as a chemical barrier to migration. Population genetic analysis indicated that metals were not a barrier to gene flow within the river, but there was a high level of differentiation observed between fish sampled at two sites in the upper region, despite being separated by only 1 km. The metal tolerance trait exhibited by this brown trout population may represent an important component of the species genetic diversity in this region.     

上海人口变化与资源环境效应分析

作为特大型城市,上海2008年常住人口总量已达1 888万,城市化水平也以87%高居全国首位.通过分析上海1978-2008年30年来人口变化特征及其资源环境效应表明,伴随着人口规模不断扩大和城市化水平快速提升,2008年上海居民生活电耗和水耗分别是1978年的17倍和5倍,占资源消费总量的比例也逐年快速攀升;生活废水排放量已取代工业废水成为最大贡献源,占废水排放总量的比例高达80%;生活废气排放总量相对稳定.针对上海实现可持续发展所面临的人口难题,从依据人口发展规律调整城市发展战略,通过产业结构调整带动经济增长方式转变,切实加大环保投入力度促进治污防污,进一步提高公众环保意识和企业环保责任等几个方面提出了破解这一难题的对策与建议.     

长三角城市群建设用地扩张地区差异的驱动因素解释——基于回归方程的Shapley值分解方法

工业化、城镇化所带来的建设用地过度扩张已成为土地资源领域研究的热点问题。利用基于半对数回归方程的Shapley值分解方法考察了2006~2015年长三角城市群26个城市建设用地扩张的驱动因素及其对地区差异的贡献率。研究表明:(1)耕地保留量、产业结构调整、建设用地利用效率、生态压力等因素对建设用地扩张具有负向驱动作用,经济发展速度、人口城镇化速度、政府财政赤字、政府政策执行力等因素对建设用地扩张具有正向驱动作用,但耕地保有量、生态压力两个因素对建设用地扩张影响不显著;(2)政府财政赤字、建设用地利用效率、政府政策执行力等3个因素对建设用地扩张地区差异的贡献率最大。为此,应从资源约束、生态压力、促进产业结构调整、实施土地供给侧结构性改革、提高土地效率等多方面入手以破解建设用地过度扩张的困局。     

三峡库区重庆段城市空间扩展及形态时空演变研究

由于时代的局限性以及地理单元的独特性,以往城市空间结构理论的研究热点多集中于经济较为发达的东部地区或特大型城市,对于欠发达西部地区的中小城市关注不够。基于RS与GIS技术,通过1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年5期TM遥感影像提取城市建成区数据,利用城市空间扩展强度和速度指数、紧凑度、分形维数及形状指数对三峡库区重庆段20 a间城市空间扩展及形态演变定量分析。得出以下结论及建议:(1)随着时间增长,城市空间扩展强度及速度总体呈上升趋势,紧凑度持续降低,城市建成区面积逐年递增,城市扩展极不稳定;(2)城市空间形态受重大事件影响易发生"突变",随着时间的沉淀,空间形态再发生"整合";(3)1997年重庆直辖以来,前10 a的移民安置工程为城市形态的"突变"提供了良好契机。2007年之后,在经济发展作为城市空间扩展的核心动力支撑下,研究区城市扩展主流模式侧重于沿一到两个方向扩展,形成"一心两辅"的发展态势;(4)在未来城市发展规划中,应坚持可持续发展理念、合理规划用地布局,优化产业结构,加强环境保护,避免"边发展、边污染"的被动局面,同时结合自身交通运输条件的优势,在各个方向上形成依附在中心城镇周围的腹地并作为未来扩展的基础,构建副中心城市,将城市形态有序沿城市发展中心蔓延,形成"一核多翼"的发展态势。     

活性污泥模型参数结构可识别性研究方法进展

参数估计是活性污泥模型应用的前提,可识别性研究是参数估计的第一步。本文以异养菌生长模型为例,论述了目前适用于活性污泥模型参数结构可识别性研究的几种方法,可以看出这些方法都存在着某些缺陷,因此寻求两种或多种方法的耦合方法成为以后理论研究的方向。     

循环水养殖系统中流化床生物滤器净水效果影响因素

为优化流化床生物滤器的工作性能,采用新型填料玻璃珠作为滤器的基质,并将其应用于罗非鱼循环水养殖系统,研究了玻璃珠粒径、床层膨胀率、碱度和氨氮负荷4个可控因素对其处理养殖废水效果的影响。结果表明,流化床生物滤器挂膜23d后生物膜成熟稳定,当床层膨胀率低于160％时,床层增高和填料流失现象不明显。选用0．2～0．4mm粒径的玻璃珠为填料时,对TAN和NO2--N的去除率显著高于以0．4～0．6mm玻璃珠为填料的滤器;随着床层膨胀率的提高,滤器对TAN和NO2--N的去除率逐渐下降,但对TAN的去除负荷有一定的提高;碱度和TAN负荷的增加有利于滤器的硝化作用。流化床生物滤器对养殖水体中的TAN的平均去除负荷和NO2--N的去除率分别可以达到（673．11±23．26）g／（m3·d）和（90．24±3．45）％,显示出较好的硝化性能。     

Population and development: impacts on environmental performance

Population growth and development patterns have a significant impact on the environmental performance. The issue of concern is whether population growth or the consumption/production patterns are responsible for environmental deterioration. This paper is an attempt to capture the impact of technological development, affluence, and population on environmental performance index, while previous studies had captured the impact of these three factors on environment only through CO₂ emissions. The analysis reveals that technological development and population size have a negative impact on environmental performance, whereas measures to improve affluence have a positive impact. Technological development has increased the production of energy efficient products but at the same time consumption of these products has increased manifold leading to environmental deterioration. Demographic attributes need specific attention to improve environmental performance. This paper concludes on some policy reflections on slowing the population growth as well as persuades individuals and economies to relook to their consumption and production patterns and channelize their efforts to protect the environment.     

选择性转移、转移成本与中国城乡收入差距变动

本文通过构建由城镇正规、非正规与农村农业部门组成的农村劳动力择优向城镇转移情形下的三部门经济生产和分配模型,对我国20世纪90年代初期以来存在极强选择性和具有高昂转移成本下的城乡劳动力转移对我国城乡收入差距可能产生的影响进行了理论分析,并根据模型对影响进行了数值模拟实验。研究结果表明,农村劳动力的择优转移和转移成本会内生性地引致我国城乡收入差距的扩大。究其原因,主要在于农村中相对优质的劳动力进入到城镇就业,在给城镇居民带来更多回报率较高投资机会的同时,而农业则由于优质人力资本的流出而大大延滞了其发展速度,这种"一促一抑"、"一荣一损"的内在机制势必引致城乡收入差距的扩大,同时转移成本的存在会放大收入差距扩大的程度。进一步地,通过把劳动力选择性转移与随机转移和劣者淘汰不同情形下我国可能出现的城乡收入差距进行对比的反事实分析表明,20世纪90年代初期以来在我国农村大量劳动力不断向城镇转移就业的过程中,劳动力很强择优转移的特性在城乡收入差距进一步扩大中贡献了约1/3的份额,而往返流动的转移成本在城乡收入差距扩大中产生了大约1.2倍的乘数效应,这是本研究得到的两个重要量化结果。为了缩小我国城乡收入差距,文章建议要为农民工市民化创造便利条件,为城乡间资本要素自由流动提供便利渠道,需要将城镇化建设与新农村建设很好地结合,特别是要最大限度地释放农村经济社会发展的自身活力以让农村能人能够在当地更好地施展才干。     

Reserve Design to Maximize Species Persistence

We develop a reserve design strategy to maximize the probability of species persistence predicted by a stochastic, individual-based, metapopulation model. Because the population model does not fit exact optimization procedures, our strategy involves deriving promising solutions from theory, obtaining promising solutions from a simulation optimization heuristic, and determining the best of the promising solutions using a multiple-comparison statistical test. We use the strategy to address a problem of allocating limited resources to new and existing reserves. The best reserve design depends on emigration, dispersal mortality, and probabilities of movement between reserves. When movement probabilities are symmetric, the best design is to expand a subset of reserves to equal size to exhaust the habitat budget. When movement probabilities are not symmetric, the best design does not expand reserves to equal size and is strongly affected by movement probabilities and emigration rates. We use commercial simulation software to obtain our results.     

From Forest Landscape to Agricultural Landscape in the Developing Tropical Country of Malaysia: Pattern,Process, and Their Significance on Policy

Agricultural expansion and deforestation are spatial processes of land transformation that impact on landscape pattern. In peninsular Malaysia, the conversion of forested areas into two major cash crops—rubber and oil palm plantations—has been identified as driving significant environmental change. To date, there has been insufficient literature studying the link between changes in landscape patterns and land-related development policies. Therefore, this paper examines: (i) the links between development policies and changes in land use/land cover and landscape pattern and (ii) the significance and implications of these links for future development policies. The objective is to generate insights on the changing process of land use/land cover and landscape pattern as a functional response to development policies and their consequences for environmental conditions. Over the last century, the development of cash crops has changed the country from one dominated by natural landscapes to one dominated by agricultural landscapes. But the last decade of the century saw urbanization beginning to impact significantly. This process aligned with the establishment of various development policies, from land development for agriculture between the mid 1950s and the 1970s to an emphasis on manufacturing from the 1980s onward. Based on a case study in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia, a model of landscape pattern change is presented. It contains three stages according to the relative importance of rubber (first stage: 1900–1950s), oil palm (second stage: 1960s–1970s), and urban (third stage: 1980s–1990s) development that influenced landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity. The environmental consequences of this change have been depicted through loss of biodiversity, geohazard incidences, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The spatial ecological information can be useful to development policy formulation, allowing diagnosis of the country’s “health” and sustainability. The final section outlines the usefulness of landscape analysis in the policy-making process to prevent further fragmentation of the landscape and forest loss in Malaysia in the face of rapid economic development.