煤炭企业跨区域扩张模式研究

跨区域扩张是煤炭企业可持续发展的必要方式.地域差异性使得扩张过程中面临很大的风险,因此企业应慎重选择扩张模式.本文根据来源将风险因素归结为外部风险和内部风险,指出外部风险属于不可控制因素,企业只能采取有效措施去应对.在此基础上,结合世界范围内的企业兼并浪潮和社会资本、战略联盟的相关研究成果,将煤炭企业跨区域扩张模式划分为独资新建、股权型扩张和契约型扩张三种类型.结合风险因素,分析了各种模式的优缺点,认为股权型扩张有利于谋求社会资本、契约型扩张较为灵活有利于应对复杂多变的环境,从而有助于规避扩张过程中的外部风险,是较为合适的扩张模式.着重归纳了契约型扩张和股权型扩张的实现方式,其中契约型扩张可以通过合同开采、承包租赁、托管等方式实现,股权型扩张可以通过合资和并购等方式实现.以兖矿集团为例介绍了其通过兼并重组、股份合作等股权型扩张实现跨区域发展的历程.     

废旧橡胶胶粉低温粉碎技术研究进展及趋势

介绍了国内外废旧橡胶低温粉碎技术(液氮冷冻粉碎法、空气膨胀制冷法)的研究进展,指出其在我国应用缺乏经济可行性。将液化天然气(LNG)冷能直接用于废旧橡胶低温粉碎可有效降低生产成本,应用前景广阔,是我国未来精细和微细胶粉生产领域的重要研究内容和发展方向之一。     

复杂事件事故树“人-机-环”简易展开模型及应用

为了寻找编制复杂事件事故树时中间事件的展开方式,采用理论分析的方法,剖析事故原因,发现事故的发生均是事故致因理论中"人-机-环"三因素作用导致的。基于此,根据系统分割准则和事故致因理论,研究了一种事故树基本展开型式,提出事故树编制时的"二分法"原则,建立了通用的事故树简易展开模型。利用模型将事故的"人-机-环"三因素分析方法应用于高处坠落这一事件的事故树分析中,确定了高处坠落事故的主要影响因素,编制出包含7个中间事件和11个基本事件的高处坠落事故树。研究表明,模型可有效实现复杂事件事故树的编制及影响因素分析,研究结论将传统的"因素分析"从定性向半定量方向推进了一步。     

断面突然扩大巷道流场特征及局部阻力特性研究

为研究突扩巷道流场特征和局部阻力特性随壁面粗糙度的变化规律,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对实际巷道进行数值模拟,并基于流体相似理论,搭建相似比为1∶20的实验模型,使用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统等实验装置和仪器进行突扩巷道流场测试实验与局部阻力测定实验,将实验结果对模拟进行验证,根据模拟结果,对不同壁面粗糙度的突扩巷道流场特征和局部阻力特性进行分析。研究结果表明：在流场测试方面,随风速增大,突扩后涡流区长度先增大后保持不变;在局部阻力测定方面,数值模拟结果与实验测定结果相差在10%以内,随着巷道粗糙度增加,突扩巷道局部阻力系数呈非线性增大,且当突扩比为1∶2时,粗糙度分别为0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08 m的突扩巷道局部阻力系数ξ₁分别为0.373 6,0.386 3,0.395 0,0.401 6。研究结果对于新掘巷道的局部通风阻力预测工作,以及为矿井智能通风提供准确风阻参数具有重要意义。     

Quantification of the Impact of Land-Use Changes on Ecosystem Services: A Case Study in Pingbian County, China

Pingbian Miao Autonomous County is one of the poorest rural areas in China. Land-use changes, mainly driven by agricultural expansion and deforestation, may significantly impact ecosystem services and functions, but such effects are difficult to quantify. In the present study, Landsat image data were combined with the published coefficients about the world and China ecosystem to quantify land-use and ecosystem service changes in the mountainous area. A sensitivity analysis was employed to determine the effect of manipulating these coefficients on the estimated values. Our results show that during the past decades (from 1973 to 2004) forests and grasslands were converted into shrubland and cropland, respectively, resulting in a continuous decrease in ecosystem service (from 124.5 US$ × 10⁶ in 1973 to 100.4 US$ × 10⁶ in 2004). We found that the decrease of mixed forest in the study area was the largest contributor (i.e., 25.4 US$ × 10⁶) to the decline of the ecosystem service. Therefore we propose that future land-use policy should pay more attention to the crucial ecosystem functions of these forests (including tropical forest), and that it is necessary to balance the relationship between the livelihood of local farmers and environmental protection in order to maintain a healthy and stable ecosystem.     

Nighttime lights and population changes in Europe 1992–2012

Nighttime satellite photographs of Earth reveal the location of lighting and provide a unique view of the extent of human settlement. Nighttime lights have been shown to correlate with economic development and population but little research has been done on the link between nighttime lights and population change over time. We explore whether population decline is coupled with decline in lighted area and how the age structure of the population and GDP are reflected in nighttime lights. We examine Europe between the period of 1992 and 2012 using a Geographic Information System and regression analysis. The results suggest that population decline is not coupled with decline in lighted area. Instead, human settlement extent is more closely related to the age structure of the population and to GDP. We conclude that declining populations will not necessarily lead to reductions in the extent of land development.     

Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: A UK case study

Particularly in the UK, there is potential for use of large-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) plants to treat food waste, possibly along with other organic wastes, to produce biogas. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impacts of AD with energy and organic fertiliser production against two alternative approaches: incineration with energy production by CHP and landfill with electricity production. In particular the paper investigates the dependency of the results on some specific assumptions and key process parameters. The input Life Cycle Inventory data are specific to the Greater London area, UK. Anaerobic digestion emerges as the best treatment option in terms of total CO₂ and total SO₂ saved, when energy and organic fertiliser substitute non-renewable electricity, heat and inorganic fertiliser. For photochemical ozone and nutrient enrichment potentials, AD is the second option while incineration is shown to be the most environmentally friendly solution. The robustness of the model is investigated with a sensitivity analysis. The most critical assumption concerns the quantity and quality of the energy substituted by the biogas production. Two key issues affect the development and deployment of future anaerobic digestion plants: maximising the electricity produced by the CHP unit fuelled by biogas and to defining the future energy scenario in which the plant will be embedded.     

Prospective changes in irrigation water requirements caused by agricultural expansion and climate changes in the eastern arc mountains of Kenya

Water resources and land use are closely linked with each other and with regional climate, assembling a very complex system. The understanding of the interconnecting relations involved in this system is an essential step for elaborating public policies that can effectively lead to the sustainable use of water resources. In this study, an integrated modelling framework was assembled in order to investigate potential impacts of agricultural expansion and climate changes on Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR) in the Taita Hills, Kenya. The framework comprised a land use change simulation model, a reference evapotranspiration model and synthetic precipitation datasets generated through a Monte Carlo simulation. In order to generate plausible climate change scenarios, outputs from General Climate Models were used as reference to perturbing the Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that throughout the next 20 years the low availability of arable lands in the hills will drive agricultural expansion to areas with higher IWR in the foothills. If current trends persist, agricultural areas will occupy roughly 60% of the study area by 2030. This expansion will increase by approximately 40% the annual water volume necessary for irrigation. Climate change may slightly decrease crops' IWR in April and November by 2030, while in May a small increase will likely be observed. The integrated assessment of these environmental changes allowed a clear identification of priority regions for land use allocation policies and water resources management.     

Comparing the impacts of mitigation and non-mitigation on mountain pine beetle populations

Mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Hopkins) attack and can ultimately kill individuals and groups of pine trees, specifically lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud var. latifolia Engl.). In British Columbia, beetle attack has increased from 164 000 ha in 1999 to over 13 million ha in 2008. Mitigation efforts can play a key role in addressing the impact beetle infestations can have on the forested landscape. In this research, the impact of mitigation on a mountain pine beetle infestation is examined within a network of 28 research plots where sanitation harvesting was completed (10 mitigated plots) and not completed (18 unmitigated plots). Three forest stand level modelling scenarios which predict the number of attacked trees, based on current infestation within the plots, were utilized to compare the differences between mitigated and non-mitigated plots. In the first scenario in the non-mitigated plots, 125 trees were infested after 10 years, while in the mitigated plots no trees were infested in the same time period. The second scenario indicates the level of mitigation required to suppress beetle infestations where the proportion of mitigated trees was calculated for each plot by counting the residual attack and the number of mitigated trees. The average mitigation rate over all plots of 43% (range 0–100%) is not sufficient to provide control. In the non-mitigated plots, the average population expansion rate was 5 (range of 0–18) which requires a detection accuracy of 74% to reliably detect infestation. The third scenario estimated the length of time required for ongoing detection, monitoring, and mitigation to bring an infestation under control. If mitigation efforts were maintained at the current rate of 43%, the beetle population would not be adequately controlled. However, when aided by continued detection and monitoring of attacked trees, mitigation rates greater than 50% are sufficient to control infestations, especially with persistent implementation, aided by continued detection and monitoring of infested trees.     

大亚湾裸甲藻种群动态及其关键调控因子

2008年1—12月对大亚湾养殖海域裸甲藻种群动态和主要环境因子进行了周年调查。结果表明,大亚湾海域裸甲藻类群以直径约为16～22μm的小型裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp.）为主,另外米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、链状裸甲藻（Gymnodnium catenatum）和血红哈卡藻（Akashiwo sanguinea）也有少量出现。裸甲藻种群密度呈现出明显的季节性变化特征：5月出现裸甲藻密度高峰,全年最大密度达到903 cells.mL-1,秋冬季节密度最小。不同站位裸甲藻密度也具有明显的空间分布差异,养殖及近岸海域密度普遍高于外海对照区。相关性分析结果表明,裸甲藻密度的关键调控因子包括温度、化学需氧量（COD）、可溶性有机氮（DON）和尿素浓度。裸甲藻高密度、高频率出现的温度范围在24～26℃,DON和尿素的质量浓度范围分别为N 156.38～187μg·L-1和N 17.4～38.9μg·L-1。在温度适宜的条件下,尿素等有机氮含量的增加可能成为裸甲藻赤潮的触发因子。