上海乔木林分碳储量比较分析研究

基于全国第七次（2004年-2009年）森林资源清样调查资料,并参考上海市2011年森林植被遥感数据,运用线性相关和双曲线相关的换算因子连续函数法,对上海8种主要乔木林分碳储量进行估算,并分析了不同龄组和地域分布的乔木林分碳储量。结果表明,两种方法的估值差别较大,但均是樟树、幼龄林和市区乔木林分碳储量贡献比较大。     

Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing

Urbanization processes affect the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in soils were studied using Beijing as an example. It has been suggested that the ecological function of vegetation covers shifting from natural to agricultural settings and then to urban greenbelts could increase the zinc(Zn) concentrations of soils successively. The Zn concentration of urban soils was significantly correlated to the percentage of the impervious land surface at the500 m × 500 m spatial scale. For urban parks, the age or years since the development accounted for 80% of the variances of cadmium(Cd) and Zn in soils. The population density,however, did not affect the heavy metal distributions in urban soils. To conclude, the urban age turned out to be a notable factor in quantifying heavy metal accumulation in urban soils.     

老填埋场竖向加高扩容工程的沉降计算与分析

针对老填埋场竖向加高扩容时垃圾堆体沉降机理的特殊性,将老垃圾堆体的沉降分为3部分:主固结沉降、次应力沉降、降解沉降,并研究各部分沉降的计算方法。结合工程实例,对沉降计算公式中有关参数取值进行探讨,并对扩容垃圾荷载作用下原垃圾堆体的沉降发展趋势进行分析,为扩容工程设计采取相应的沉降控制措施提供了依据。     

A cost-benefit analysis of a population screening programme for neural tube defects

Population screening for neural tube defects is possible by measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels with appropriate follow-up as required. British Columbia has approximately 39 000 births annually and the incidence of neural tube defects is 1–55 per 1000 births (0–94 per 1000 livebirths). Results from a cost-benefit analysis suggest that the outlined screening programme would be cost-beneficial for British Columbia. Other important factors essential to consider before instituting a population screening programme are discussed.     

Population growth, economic growth, technology changes in relation to environmental changes──A theoretical modelling analysis of environmental changes

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Urban expansion of oasis cities between 1990 and 2007 in Xinjiang,China

An oasis is not only the most concentrated area of human activity in an arid area but also the largest area where artificial disturbances occur at a regional scale. The study of oasis urban expansion and related factors is important to understand the development of cities in arid areas, guide the evolution of rational urban expansion and promote sustainable development of oasis cities. Although there have been several studies on urban expansion in Xinjiang over past decades, a lack of quantitative data and methods impedes further research. In this paper, urban expansion of the studied area in 1990, 2000 and 2007 is evaluated using 39 Landsat satellite images, a geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS). We also analyse the related factors of urban expansion using quantitative and qualitative methods. We found that economic development and the area of the urban administrative region greatly effect urban expansion. Too rapid growth and outward urbanized expansion paradigms should not be applied blindly in arid areas from the point of view of sustainability. Historic–geographic features of oases and urban planning influence oasis urban morphology. Compact urban morphology is relatively better for protecting precious water and arable resources, and reducing ecology damage to the surrounding oasis. The relationship between urban expansion and population growth was not coordinate before 2000, and effectively only improved after that date. City growth should be moderated, with lower elastic coefficients, slower expansion and higher elasticity coefficients. Oasis cities in Xinjiang are expanding under the combined effects of urbanization, economic development, transportation, environment, resources, policy and planning.     

复杂事件事故树“人-机-环”简易展开模型及应用

为了寻找编制复杂事件事故树时中间事件的展开方式,采用理论分析的方法,剖析事故原因,发现事故的发生均是事故致因理论中"人-机-环"三因素作用导致的。基于此,根据系统分割准则和事故致因理论,研究了一种事故树基本展开型式,提出事故树编制时的"二分法"原则,建立了通用的事故树简易展开模型。利用模型将事故的"人-机-环"三因素分析方法应用于高处坠落这一事件的事故树分析中,确定了高处坠落事故的主要影响因素,编制出包含7个中间事件和11个基本事件的高处坠落事故树。研究表明,模型可有效实现复杂事件事故树的编制及影响因素分析,研究结论将传统的"因素分析"从定性向半定量方向推进了一步。     

The effect of metal pollution on the population genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) residing in the River Hayle, Cornwall, UK

The River Hayle in south-west England is impacted with metals and can be divided into three regions depending on the copper and zinc concentrations: a low-metal upper section; a highly-contaminated middle section and a moderately contaminated lower section. Hayle river water is toxic to metal-naive brown trout, but brown trout are found in the upper and lower regions. The study aimed to evaluate the population genetic structure of River Hayle brown trout and to determine if the highly-contaminated section acts as a chemical barrier to migration. Population genetic analysis indicated that metals were not a barrier to gene flow within the river, but there was a high level of differentiation observed between fish sampled at two sites in the upper region, despite being separated by only 1 km. The metal tolerance trait exhibited by this brown trout population may represent an important component of the species genetic diversity in this region.     

苏州市非农用地扩展的驱动因素时空变化研究

利用1984—2003年间4个时段的TM影像解译获得该时期苏州市非农用地扩张变化规律,并结合大量的社会经济资料,定量分析了过去20 a间苏州市非农用地扩张与社会经济因素的关系,筛选出非农用地高速增长的主导驱动因素,揭示了主导驱动力在不同时期的时空变化规律。结果表明,非农用地扩张的社会经济驱动因素随社会经济发展的不同阶段而显著变化,GDP、上海对苏州的经济辐射作用和人口增长是过去20 a间苏州市非农用地急剧扩张的3个主要驱动力。     

Kin and population recognition in sympatric Lake Constance perch (Perca fluviatilis L.): can assortative shoaling drive population divergence?

Prior studies have shown that perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) of Lake Constance belong to two genetically different but sympatric populations and that local aggregations of juveniles and adults contain closely related kin. In this study, we analysed the genetic structure of pelagic perch larvae to investigate if kin-structured shoals already exist during early ontogenetic development or might be the result of homing to natal sites. Analysis of the gene frequencies at five microsatellite loci revealed that three out of five pelagic aggregations of larvae showed significant accumulation of kin. To investigate possible mechanisms of shoal formation, we tested if perch use olfactory cues to recognize their kin. Choice tests in a fluviarium showed preference for odours of unfamiliar kin vs unfamiliar non-kin. Additionally, we showed that perch could differentiate between the odours of the two sympatric populations and significantly preferred unfamiliar and unrelated conspecifics of their own over the foreign population. Our results present a behavioural mechanism that can lead to the observed formation of kin-structured shoals in perch. We further discuss if the ability to discriminate between their own and a foreign population can result in assortative mating within populations and thus form the basis of “socially mediated speciation” in perch.