扩缩通道强化蜂窝型SCR反应器脱硝性能的数值研究

为了进一步提高表面涂覆钒基催化剂的蜂窝型SCR反应器的脱硝性能,将蜂窝直通道结构改为扩缩形式.借助Fluent软件容积反应和多孔介质模块描述涂覆层的催化反应,建立了烟气流过蜂窝反应器脱硝过程的数值模型.为验证模型预测精度,模拟了一组直通道蜂窝反应器的烟气对流脱硝实验.借助本文模型,研究了结构和工作参数对新型蜂窝反应器脱...     

基于景观生态学的广州城镇建设用地扩张模式分析

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,提取了广州市老八区（以2000年行政区划为准）1978—2005年四个时段的建设用地面积,结合景观指数,从建设用地变化的数量、速度和时空扩张模式几个方面探讨了1978—2005年间三个不同阶段的城市扩张规律。结果表明：（1）广州市建设用地快速扩张,在1978—2005年期间,总面积增加了47158.94,其中1978—1990、1990—2000、2000—2005三个时期的建设用地年扩张速度一直呈上升趋势,分别为：1395.42hm2·a-1、1699.92hm2·a-1、2682.93hm2·a-1。（2）三种扩展类型中,蔓延式扩张是广州市建设用地扩张的主要类型,各时期所占扩展总面积的比例分别为：71.2%、60.5%、47.7%,呈下降的趋势;与此相反的是填充式扩张,随着城市化的发展呈上升趋势,所占比例分别为：9.3%、31.7%、46.4%;跳跃式扩张仅在第一时段较高为19.7%,而后两个时段较低,分别为7.8%和5.9%。通过研究为城市模式研究提供了详细且准确的数据,为寻求优良扩张模式奠定了一定的基础。     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS (Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety

Decades ago, agrochemicals were introduced aiming at enhancing crop yields and at protecting crops from pests. Due to adaptation and resistance developed by pests to chemicals, every year higher amounts and new chemical compounds are used to protect crops, causing undesired side effects and raising the costs of food production. Eventually, new techniques, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) resistant to pests, could halt the massive spread of agrochemicals in agriculture fields. Biological chemical-free agriculture is gaining also more and more support but it is still not able to respond to the need for producing massive amounts of food. The use of agrochemicals, including pesticides, remains a common practice especially in tropical regions and South countries. Cheap compounds, such as DDT, HCH and lindane, that are environmentally persistent, are today banned from agriculture use in developed countries, but remain popular in developing countries. As a consequence, persistent residues of these chemicals contaminate food and disperse in the environment. Coordinated efforts are needed to increase the production of food but with a view to enhanced food quality and safety as well as to controlling residues of persistent pesticides in the environment.