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361.
本文对山-村山地生态系统的结构和功能、能量产投比、生物量等进行实地调查和研究。结果表明,通过多年生态建设,山地生态系统已显示较好的经济、环境和社会效益。 相似文献
362.
A grazing experiment was started in 1984 and 1989 respectively, in two parts of a dune grassland in the nature reserve ‘Zwanenwater’,
North Holland; a third part with similar geology and topography was used as a control area and not grazed. An evaluation of
the effects of grazing on vegetation patterns, species composition, vegetation structure and humus form was made with the
help of vegetation maps from 1986 and 1992 as well as field surveys.
Dense tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria increased over the period 1986–1992 in the grazed areas, and especially in the non-grazed area (increase in area to 20%,
22% and 50%, respectively). Open communities decreased in the grazed areas, but are still prevalent, while in the ungrazed
area they virtually disappeared, with the result that the present percentage areas are 53%, 38% and 17%.
Field survey data were classified by TWINSPAN producing four vegetation types. These occur more or less equally in grazed
and ungrazed areas, albeit with different percentage areas: (1) open vegetation dominated byCorynephorus canescens; (2) open vegetation characteized, byKoeleria macrantha; (3) heathland dominated byEmpetrum nigrum; and (4) tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria. Within a vegetation type, species composition was only marginally affected by grazing regime.
Within the open communities the number of species, vegetation height, vegetation cover and soil organic horizons were not
affected by grazing. In the tall-grass communities the number of species was significantly larger and the height of the vegetation
significantly lower in the area grazed since 1984. In the heathland community the number of species and cover of the moss
layer were significantly higher in the 1984 area and ectorganic and endorganic horizons significantly thicker in the ungrazed
area.
It is suggested that these effects are the result of an increased availability of light, but possibly also of a decreased
stock of organic matter and nutrients, due to a decreased input of litter and accelerated rates of decomposition. 相似文献
363.
在1.5-50.0mg/L的浓度范围内,单甲脒农药对模型池塘生态系统中的浮游植物群落结构有明显影响。尤其在加药的头4d内,藻类种类、数量、多样性指数、种类数比及增长率明显下降,优势比显著上升,敏感种及清洁种减少甚至消失,高浓度(50.0mg/L)的单甲脒在2d内可把藻类全部杀灭。随试验时间的延长,药物不断降解,6d后藻类种类、数量、多样性指数又不断回升。随加药次数的增多,药物对藻类抑制作用明显减弱,藻类的种类、数量、多样性指数等指标不断上升,尤其是藻类数量增加明显,试验后期,藻类数量高低主要受N、P浓度大小的影响。 相似文献
364.
天津城市化发展趋向与水资源可持续利用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
分析了新时期天津城市化发展趋向,从城市人口增长、城市工业结构、城市化进程等诸方面,探讨了城市化进程与水资源利用之间的关系,提出了适应城市化发展的水资源可持续利用战略。 相似文献
365.
Stephan F. J. De Wekker D. G. Steyn J. D. Fast M. W. Rotach S. Zhong 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2005,5(1-2):35-62
Data from a comprehensive field study in the Riviera Valley of Southern Switzerland are used to investigate convective boundary layer structure in a steep valley and to evaluate wind and temperature fields, convective boundary layer height, and surface sensible heat fluxes as predicted by the mesoscale model RAMS. Current parameterizations of surface and boundary layer processes in RAMS, as well as in other mesoscale models, are based on scaling laws strictly valid only for flat topography and uniform land cover. Model evaluation is required to investigate whether this limits the applicability of RAMS in steep, inhomogeneous terrain. One clear-sky day with light synoptic winds is selected from the field study. Observed temperature structure across and along the valley is nearly homogeneous while wind structure is complex with a wind speed maximum on one side of the valley. Upvalley flows are not purely thermally driven and mechanical effects near the valley entrance also affect the wind structure. RAMS captured many of the observed boundary layer characteristics within the steep valley. The wind field, temperature structure, and convective boundary layer height in the valley are qualitatively simulated by RAMS, but the horizontal temperature structure across and along the valley is less homogeneous in the model than in the observations. The model reproduced the observed net radiation, except around sunset and sunrise when RAMS does not take into account the shadows cast by the surrounding topography. The observed sensible heat fluxes fall within the range of simulated values at grid points surrounding the measurement sites. Some of the scatter between observed and simulated turbulent sensible heat fluxes are due to sub-grid scale effects related to local topography. 相似文献
366.
Wolfgang Forstmeier Dennis Hasselquist Staffan Bensch Bernd Leisler 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):634-643
Song complexity is often regarded as a sexually selected trait that reflects the overall quality of a male. In many passerine
species, old males possess larger song repertoires than younger males. This may be either because individual males improve
their performance as they get older (longitudinal increase) or because poor singers have reduced viability and, hence, are
underrepresented in old age classes (cross-sectional increase). We studied the age dependence of repertoire size and other
song traits in a German and a Swedish great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) population. We found marked differences between longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches, as well as between the two
study populations. In the German population, we found that syllable switching, a measure of immediate versatility and strophe
length, increased with age in a cross-sectional analysis. This was not because birds improved with age (longitudinally) but
because syllable switching was positively correlated with male longevity. However, in Sweden, syllable switching seemed to
be unrelated to age and longevity. In the Swedish population, individual males increased their repertoire size as they got
older (longitudinal increase), but this did not happen in the German population. Hence, two populations, even when belonging
to the same subspecies, may differ in whether or not they show delayed song maturation. 相似文献
367.
The spatial development of a passive scalar plume is studied within the inhomogeneous turbulence of a boundary layer flow in a recirculating laboratory flume with a smooth bed. The source of the scalar is located flush with the bed, and the low-momentum source design is intended to simulate a diffusive-type scalar release. A weakly diffusive fluorescent dye is used as the scalar. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques were used to record the structure of the plume at a spatial resolution of 150 μm. The measured structure of the mean concentration field is compared to an analytical solution for shear-free, homogeneous turbulence. The laboratory plume exhibits spatial development in the mean concentration field that deviates from the self-similar behavior predicted by the analytical solution; this deviation is due to the mean shear and inhomogeneity of the turbulence. In particular, the influence of the viscous sublayer on the plume development is seen to be significant. Nonetheless, the analytical solution replicates some of the features seen in the laboratory plume, and the solution suggests methods of reducing the laboratory data even for cases where the results deviate from the analysis. We also examine the spatial development of the root-mean-square (rms) fluctuating concentration field, and use scalar probability density functions to examine the relationship between the mean and fluctuating concentrations. 相似文献
368.
本文根据耗散结构的基本理论,结合生产实践经验,提出了表征土壤肥力的非线性微分方程:=(K-b)x-βx2X─土壤生物活性,t─时间,K─生物繁殖系数,b─生物死亡系数,β─生物饱和系数.解这个并不复杂的非线性微分方程,便可知道土壤是处于热力学分枝,还是耗散结构分枝.这对研究土壤肥力的动态变化、土壤肥力的分类、土壤的管理、土壤退化的防止等方面有着无法预测的应用前景. 相似文献
369.
观音堂库区水温变化对水生态环境影响的分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文用径流-库容比数法,对观音堂水库水体水温结构类型进行判断,用经验公式法和代表层水温法对观音堂水库水体水温结构和下泄水温进行了预测,预测结果表明:观音堂水库属分层型水库,在汛期表现出临时混合型的特点,水库下泄水使下游河道水温年内分布趋于均匀.这种水温变化,导致水库水质随水库深度增加而逐渐恶化,对水库下游河段水生生态系统产生不利影响。 相似文献
370.
农村产业结构调整问题研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
姚阳 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2006,12(1):65-68
本文首先对农村产业结构调整的相关概念进行了阐述.其次,分析和归纳了判断农村产业结构合理化的标准以及农村产业结构变动的影响因素. 相似文献