Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rain forest of Malaysia

Scale is emerging as one of the critical problems in ecology because our perception of most ecological variables and processes depends upon the scale at which the variables are measured. A conclusion obtained at one scale may not be valid at another scale without sufficient knowledge of the scaling effect, which is also a source of misinterpretation for many ecological problems, such as the design of reserves in conservation biology.This paper attempts to study empirically how scaling may affect the spatial patterns of diversity (tree density, richness and Shannon diversity) that we may perceive in tropical forests, using as a test-case a 50 ha forest plot in Malaysia. The effect of scale on measurements of diversity patterns, the occurrence of rare species, the fractal dimension of diversity patterns, the spatial structure and the nearest-neighbour autocorrelation of diversity are addressed. The response of a variable to scale depends on the way it is measured and the way it is distributed in space.We conclude that, in general, the effect of scaling on measures of biological diversity is non-linear; heterogeneity increases with the size of the sampling units, and fine-scale information is lost at a broad scale. Our results should lead to a better understanding of how ecological variables and processes change over scale.     

试论现代广告文案的写作问题

广告文案是广告创作的主体，在文案创作中，应做到主题明确、内容真实、结构简明，另外，还要注意语言科学，要求用词简明扼要、生动新颖，具有适应性和心理鼓动性。     

生态型城市用地布局的优化

城市生态环境已经成为影响城市发展的重要因子。当今城市空间拓展与结构转型步伐加快，但由于经济的快速增长和城市的蔓延扩展，城市生态变得异常脆弱，人地矛盾、经济发展和环境保护的矛盾相当突出。经济发达城市无锡市的生态环境问题相当突出，借鉴国外先进经验，研究自身的特点，无锡生态城市建设必须强化城市生态规划的作用，优化城市用地布局，发挥其丰富的河流、道路和湖边山体的绿色优势，营造网络型开敞式的生态空间，环境与经济才能协调发展。     

土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数空间变异分析

土地利用类型是一种在自然和人类活动双重作用下的产物,具有不规则、相对不稳定性和复杂性特征,可以利用分形方法进行探讨;分形理论在土地结构研究中的应用涉及土地利用类型分数维的计算、土地利用结构分形研究方法、土地利用结构及其动态变化的分形描述、区域景观结构的分形模型等方面;但土地利用类型的分形机制的空间差异研究少见报道。综合考虑广东省的自然地理环境和社会经济发展状况,文章选择韶关、潮州、汕头、广州作为不同类型区域的代表,基于分形理论计算了耕地、园地、林地、草地、居民点及工矿用地、道路用地、水体和未利用土地8种地类分维值(D)和稳定性指数(Si)以及平均分维值和稳定性指数,从影响土地利用结构的地貌和人文因素两个方面出发,对比和分析了地域之间的D值、Si值的关系,并从中得到了D值和Si值的变化规律。结果表明:(1)复杂的地貌类型是影响土地利用类型D值和Si值的最主要因素;(2)社会经济发展水平一定程度上影响土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数;(3)区域土地利用类型的平均分维值、稳定性指数的大小是土地利用结构的综合反映。     

广州生态旅游景观格局建设问题的探讨

通过对生态旅游理论的探讨,对其内涵和外延提出了新的观点。重点对广州风景结构与生态旅游发展背景及存在问题进行了分析,科学地构建了“一山一水六区七廊”的广州生态旅游景观格局,为广州建设生态型山水旅游城市提供依据。加强广州市生态旅游建设,将进一步改善广州的生态环境,优化广州城市景观格局,创造更好的旅游大环境,满足人们日益增长的旅游需求和回归大自然的愿望。     

Microgeographic heterogeneity in spatial distribution and mtDNA variability of gray mouse lemurs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcebus murinus</Emphasis>, Primates: Cheirogaleidae)

The objective of our study was to investigate the spatial distribution and genetic structure of a solitary primate at the microgeographical scale of adjacent local populations. We obtained spatial data and tissue samples for mtDNA analysis from 205 gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) captured along transects and within 3 grid systems within a 12.3 km² area in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. Our capture data revealed that, even though the forest was continuous, gray mouse lemurs were not evenly distributed, and that daily and maximum dispersal distances were significantly greater in males. The frequency distribution of 22 mtDNA D-loop haplotypes was highly skewed. Nine haplotypes were unique to males, indicating male-mediated gene flow from surrounding areas. The geographic distribution of haplotypes revealed that males were also more dispersed than females. Females with the same haplotype showed a tendency towards spatial aggregation, and the correlation between genetic and geographic distances was higher in females. In several areas of the forest, however, spatially clustered females were not of the same haplotype, and females were not always found in clusters. Hence, in contrast to suggestions from previous studies, matrilineal clustering is not the only way females are socially organized. In addition, our study revealed heterogeneity and patterns in population structure that were not evident at smaller spatial scales, some of which may be relevant for designing conservation strategies.Communicated by C. Nunn     

化学-生物絮凝污水处理工艺中微生物群落结构变化分析

利用分子生物学技术，直接从化学-生物絮凝工艺的活性污泥样品中提取DNA，对16S rDNA V3区进行PCR扩增，结合DGGE（变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳），分析了活性污泥中微生物群落结构，并对Shannon多样性指数进行分析讨论，通过研究指出系统中细菌数量的增加或减少．测定了活性污泥中部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列，通过NCBI（美国国立生物技术信息中心）基因库比对，初步确定细菌的属．结果表明，PCR—DGGE结合测序技术是一种完全可行的快速进行环境样品微生物研究的分析方法．图3表4参13     

受体功能区结构与环境内分泌干扰效应生物差异的关系

环境中存在的多种内分泌干扰物能够与生物体内的天然激素受体选择性结合并产生多种生物效应,由于受体功能区三维结构的不同,其内分泌干扰活性存在着种间、种内、组织间等的种种差异,限制了不同物种间毒性效应的外推研究,增加了环境内分泌干扰物筛选和风险评价的难度.论文综述了基于受体介导的环境内分泌干扰物生物活性与相应受体选择性及受体功能区结构关系的研究进展,并利用分子模拟方法分析探讨了雌激素受体与部分化合物结合作用模式,讨论了目前存在的问题,对以后有关方面的研究提出了建议.     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳结构的影响

秸秆还田既可以缓解土壤污染问题又可以增加土壤养分及改善土壤结构从而提高土壤质量。研究秸秆还田后土壤有机碳结构的变化对了解碳周转规律、促进农业管理和生产以及环境可持续发展具有重要意义。选取3种性质差异较大的土壤,分别为红壤、褐土及黑土。实验分为对照处理和添加质量分数为5%的水稻秸秆的秸秆处理。土壤在温室条件下培养24个月,每4个月取样一次,测定土壤中总有机碳含量及采用碳1s X射线吸收光谱测定土壤有机碳分子结构及各类型有机碳含量。实验结果显示,(1)黑土中总有机碳含量最高,达29.5-32.5 g·kg^-1,是红壤的4.7-6.4倍,褐土的3.9-4.9倍。加入秸秆后,红壤、褐土及黑土中有机碳含量较对照分别显著增加124%-196%、60%-110%和21%-28%。(2)3种土壤的对照中,有机碳主要以脂肪碳、羧基碳和烷氧碳存在。这3部分有机碳占总有机碳的百分比在红壤、褐土和黑土中分别为69.1%-86.6、79.6%-88.5%和87.3%-90.3%。加入秸秆后,3种土壤中有机碳类型依旧是上述3种有机碳占主导。(3)秸秆处理使红壤和黑土中有机碳疏水性增强,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,对改善土壤结构起促进作用。(4)秸秆加入后,红壤和褐土中发生正激发效应,这两种土壤中有机碳结构简单、稳定性减弱;黑土中发生负激发效应,其中有机碳结构趋于复杂,稳定性增强。     

不同来源的苏云金芽孢杆菌aiiA基因表达及其抗病性分析

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)aiiA基因所编码的AiiA蛋白是一种内酯酶,可以降解N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl-homoserine lactones,AHLs),从而减弱致病菌产生的危害.本研究克隆了6株不同来源的苏云金芽孢杆菌aiiA基因,并对来自于苔藓(LLB15)和土壤(LLS9)的BtaiiA基因进行了生物信息学分析.结果表明,AiiA-B15分子量为27.97×103,等电点为4.59;AiiA-S9分子量为28.14×103,等电点为4.32,两者都是亲水性蛋白.AiiA蛋白具有很高的保守性,AiiA-B15和AiiA-S9同源性为90%.进化树结果表明,AiiA-B15与Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kyushuensis进化距离最近,AiiA-S9与Bacillus cereus进化距离最近.将aiiA-B15基因克隆到pGEX-4T-3表达载体中,构建重组质粒pGEXaiiA-B15,IPTG诱导后可大量表达融合蛋白.对表达的条件进行优化.结果表明,0.6mmol/LIPTG,30℃下诱导3h为最佳诱导条件.致病性检测表明,该融合蛋白对胡萝卜欧文氏软腐病菌具有较强的抗病作用.图13表4参23