Reducing over-reporting of deterministic co-occurrence patterns in biotic communities

Null models of species co-occurrence are widely used to infer the existence of various ecological processes. Here we investigate the susceptibility of the most commonly used of these models (the C-score in conjunction with the sequential swap algorithm) to type 1 and type 2 errors. To do this we use simulated datasets with a range of numbers of sites, species and coefficients of variation (CV) in species abundance. We find that this model is particularly susceptible to type 1 errors when applied to large matrices and those with low CV in species abundance. As expected, type 2 error rates decrease with increasing numbers of sites and species, although they increase with increasing CV in species abundance. Despite this, power remains acceptable over a wide range of parameter combinations. The susceptibility of this analytical method to type 1 errors indicates that many previous studies may have incorrectly reported the existence of deterministic patterns of species co-occurrence. We demonstrate that in order to overcome the problem of high type 1 error rates, the number of swaps used to generate null distributions for smaller matrices needs to be increased to over 50,000 swaps (well beyond the 5000 commonly used in published analyses and the 30,000 suggested by Lehsten and Harmand, 2006). We also show that this approach reduces type 1 error rates in real datasets. However, even using this solution, larger datasets still suffer from high type 1 error rates. Such datasets therefore require the use of very large numbers of swaps, which calls for improvements in the most commonly used software. In general, users of this powerful analytical method must be aware that they need surprisingly large numbers of swaps to obtain unbiased estimates of structuring in biotic communities.     

动力站噪声的综合治理

辽宁轮胎厂对动力站噪声进行分步进行治理，通过采取吸声、消声和隔声措施，使动力站的混响噪声得到了大幅度下降，达到了国家标准，取得了预期的效果。     

四川省电力工业环境现状及防治对策

本文概述了四川电力工业环境现状,特别是二氧化硫的污染形势严峻。通过一系列数据,说明四川省电力工业控制SO_2污染已势在必行。     

水电施工现场生产用电安全评价

概述了我国水电工程施工企业的施工现场用电安全情况和发展形势,分析了施工触电事故的一般规律性,提出了水电施工现场用电安全评价方法及安全分级标准。采用的评价表法具有科学性、现实性和操作性。     

An investigation of the effects from the user’s hand and head over received level and adaptive power control of a GSM mobile phone in typical operating environment

Current evolution of wireless personal communications has necessitated a comprehensive understanding of electromagnetic interactions between handset antennas and nearby human body. In this work the handset–human body interactions were evaluated in various configurations (with and without user’s hand; with and without user’s head, and combinations of them) in order to obtain statistical averages of the overall performance for system link evaluations. The measurements were performed using the random-field measurement (RFM) method, and thus the acquisition of large amounts of data about human–mobile phone interactions in typical operating environment with measured the received RF signal strength (RXLEV), and the output power level (TXLEV) on mobile station. The RXLEV and the TXLEV was measured over the air interface in the networks on two Bulgarian GSM mobile operators (Mtel and Vivatel). Both uplink and downlink measurements were performed in urban area in three cities. Each measurements were carried out in a building included both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation of the electromagnetic waves between mobile station and base station. The results showed that the user’s hand and head induces more significant changes on the received RF signal strength in case when broadcast control channel (BCCH) levels are up to −60 dBm. Also the alterations of receiving RF signal strength and output power level of the MS are influence stronger from the larger size of the hand and head of user. The influence from presence of the head and hand of the subscriber in talk position over the alteration of the receiving RF signal strength is in boundaries from 14.21 dBm to 19.1 dBm (man) and from 8.5 dBm to 12.05 dBm (woman). The presence of the user’s hand and head increased the output power level of mobile station with 12 dBm to 14 dBm (man) and with 10 dBm to 12 dBm (woman) compare to output power level without user’s hand and head.     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫设施出口二氧化硫排放量统计方法比较

本文比较了监测数据法、物料衡算法和在线数据法统计燃煤电厂烟气脱硫设施出口二氧化硫排放量的方法,并对比分析了三种方法的实际监测结果和优缺点,指出在线监测法能够准确反映电厂排污情况,对监测、考核燃煤电厂烟气脱硫设施运行和二氧化硫排放量具有现实意义。     

高功率微波武器对C^4ISR系统毁伤效应研究

复杂电磁环境下电子设备易感性问题已引起广泛的关注,特别是军用C4ISR．系统对电子设备的依赖性,使得电磁脉冲的威胁进一步增大。对电磁脉冲的毁伤机理进行了阐述,概叙了电子器件毁伤的特征阈值,并从电磁脉冲对C^4ISR系统信息源的威胁、对计算机系统网络的威胁以及对C4ISR通信网络的威胁等方面分析了高功率微波武器对作战系统的影响,最后提出了防御电磁脉冲的具体防护措施。     

焦作电厂#2机组脱硫除尘系统调试分析

通过对焦作电厂#2机组脱硫除尘系统调试分析,讨论了多条脱硫工艺线时脱硫除尘系统对锅炉负荷的适应性试验,袋式除尘器的在线检修等问题。     

风力发电项目主要环境问题及可能的解决对策

风力发电项目环境影响集中反应在噪声和生态方面,噪声源主要是空气动力噪声、机械噪声及结构噪声。空气动力噪声是主要噪声并呈现明显的低频特征;生态环境影响体现在项目占地带来的地表植被破坏、生物量损失、地表扰动、水土流失等问题,减少项目占地是减缓生态影响的重要措施。     

燃煤电厂现代水务管理技术在阜新发电厂应用

叙述了燃煤电厂水务管理技术的发展,提出了燃煤电厂现代水务管理技术,分析了阜新发电厂的水务管理现状,主要分析了用排水系统和水平衡结果,同时探讨了提高阜新电厂水务管理的途径,并对应用现代水务管理技术的效益进行分析,在阜新发电厂应用现代水务管理技术是完全可行的,燃煤电厂现代水务管理技术值得推广。