基于最严格水资源管理制度的初始水权分配研究

实行最严格水资源管理制度是2011年中央一号文件明确要求的内容。在分析最严格水资源管理初始水权分配内涵的基础上,首次以水资源管理“三条红线”为准则,构建了包含目标层、准则层、指标层及方案层4个层次结构的初始水权分配指标体系,建立了最严格水资源管理初始水权分配的投影寻踪模型,并采用量子遗传算法优化投影指标函数,以模型计算出的最佳投影值作为初始水权分配的分水比例。最后,以南水北调东线一期工程为例,将本文所建立的模型用来分配该工程净增加供水量的初始调水量。结果表明:该指标体系和模型具有一定的可操作性及有效性。     

农村环境治理中地方政府的职能研究

本文通过对地方政府在农村环境治理中的职能定位,以及地方政府在农村环境治理中职能失效的原因分析,依据农村环境保护的相关立法和实践,重新梳理和配置地方政府的农村环境管理职能,从而探索农村环境治理的真正出路。     

Governance models for nature-based solutions: Seventeen cases from Germany

Nature-based solutions (NBS) for mitigating climate change are gaining popularity. The number of NBS is increasing, but research gaps still exist at the governance level. The objectives of this paper are (i) to give an overview of the implemented NBS for flood risk management and mitigation in Germany, (ii) to identify governance models that are applied, and (iii) to explore the differences between these models. The results of a hierarchical clustering procedure and a qualitative analysis show that while no one-size-fits-all governance model exists, polycentricism is an important commonality between the projects. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research on traditional governance model reconversion and paradigm changes. We expect the findings to identify what has worked in the past, as well as what is important for the implementation of NBS for flood risk management in future projects.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01412-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

三峡库区汉丰湖水体氮磷及化学计量比季节变化特征

在分析2017年3月至2018年2月汉丰湖水体氮磷营养盐质量浓度季节性变化的基础上,利用氮磷化学计量摩尔比评估水体氮磷养分限制状态.结果表明：湖体TN、DN和NO₃^--N平均质量浓度分别为1.60、1.25和0.91 mg·L^-1,三者季节变化过程相似,均呈现出冬季最高、夏季最低的特点.NO₃^--N对水体TN贡献较大,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N质量浓度维持在较低水平且变化平稳.TP、DP和PO₄^3--P平均质量浓度分别为0.13、0.09和0.06 mg·L^-1,TP和DP质量浓度变化相似,呈春夏季升高,秋冬季先降低再升高的趋势,而PO₄^3--P质量浓度则波动降低.TN/TP范围在11.07~56.02之间,均值为29.23,TN/TP呈季节性波动变化,最高值出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季.汉丰湖水体多数时间适宜藻类生长繁殖,少数时间处于N限制状态,极少数时间处于P限制状态.降雨径流、肥料使用、污水排放和水生生物活动等因素皆会影响TN/TP的季节变化,同时根据汉丰湖水质特征提出保护建议.     

区域一体化的空间涌现逻辑及其范式探新——兼论长三角一体化的复杂性空间治理

复杂空间的涌现为区域一体化空间研究及国家战略实施提供了重要理论视角。运用文献调研、逻辑推导、归纳总结等方法探究了区域一体化空间演化的涌现逻辑及其研究范式,探讨了长三角一体化的复杂性空间治理。研究表明：（1）区域一体化具有异质性组分、适应性交互、多尺度嵌套、非线性动态、自组织演化等空间复杂性特征及空间涌现本质;（2）基于空间涌现的区域一体化空间研究范式拓展包括强化空间涌现思维,建立水平—垂直—历时的分析框架,以结构—过程耦合路径揭示空间涌现动态,注重多元数据和方法手段的集成;（3）应以复杂性治理及协同性治理、试探性治理为思路,从治理主体、对象、构型、工具、效能等方面探索长三角一体化的复杂性空间治理策略。     

面向水环境现代化治理的绩效评估与优先区识别——以九龙江流域-厦门湾为例

以福建省九龙江流域-厦门湾为例,构建了水环境治理绩效评估框架进行综合评估.结果显示,2011~2018年九龙江流域-厦门湾的水环境治理经历3个阶段,治理水平逐步上升,但存在陆源氮磷输入控制有待进一步加强、自然海岸生态修复亟需统筹等问题.结合InVEST模型、克里金插值等方法,借助污染物“源-汇”空间分析手段识别治理优先区,发现厦门岛排污口为氮磷输出主要点污染源、流域东南区域为主要面污染源,而厦门湾西海域是承接污染物的主汇区.进而提出源汇空间绩效科学评估、陆海统筹社会-生态系统监测与管理、适应自然的生态工程解决方案等现代化治理对策.     

河流水质模拟及污染源归因分析

针对大连市登沙河流域水环境质量问题,采用输出系数法估算流域内工业点源、农村生活、畜禽养殖、农业种植的氨氮和总磷入河污染负荷,基于QUAL2K水质模型模拟污染物的迁移转化规律,解析各污染源在不同时、空尺度下对河流中、下游水质考核断面的污染负荷贡献.结果表明：畜禽养殖是研究区氨氮污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面氨氮总负荷的56.5%和43.2%;农业种植是总磷污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面总磷总负荷的50.4%和59.1%.此外,由于天然降水及人类活动的季节性特征,各污染源的负荷贡献亦呈现年内变化.基于以上分析,进一步因地制宜地提出研究区水环境治理措施建议,研究可为我国农村地区中小河流水质改善及水环境管理提供示范参考和决策依据.     

关于建设项目生态补偿的思考

作为一种解决环境保护与经济社会发展矛盾的重要经济手段,生态补偿越来越受到人们关注。建设项目生态补偿是生态补偿的一个重要领域,但相对于其他领域而言,理论和实践研究均相对较少。结合实际案例研究,文章初次提出了建设项目生态补偿概念、原则及应注意的问题。最后,建议加强两方面研究,建设项目生态补偿内涵和范畴确定;建设项目生态补偿方式及标准确定。     

牡丹江市环境治理第三方运营对策研究

近年来,牡丹江市在城市污水和污染源在线监控两个方面引入第三方运营,取得了一定成效.从环境污染第三方治理实践来看,牡丹江市污染第三方治理存在费用补贴渠道需要完善、污染治理领域亟待拓展、相应扶持政策亟待完善等问题.在分析问题的基础上,提出了扩大污水市场化运营范围、引入多方参与环境治理第三方运营、建立完善相应的政策措施等对策,吸引社会资本投入环境治理,立足现有条件,扩大推广范围,从而引导牡丹江市环境治理第三方运营.     

Benefits, efforts and risks of participants in landscape co-management: an analytical framework and results from two case studies in Austria

Participatory processes in general and also in relation to managing landscape issues are gathering importance mostly due to arguments surrounding legitimacy and effectiveness in decision-making. The main aim of this research, based on a transaction costs perspective, is to present an integrated analytical framework in order to determine individual efforts (time, money), benefits and risks of participants in landscape co-management processes. Furthermore a reflection on the analytical approach developed and arising lessons to be learned for landscape co-management are presented. In the analytical framework benefit-components comprise of factors such as 'contributing to landscape maintenance/development and nature protection', 'representing one's interest group', 'co-deciding on relevant topics', 'providing and broadening one's knowledge' and 'building networks'. The risks of participation are related to a lack of information and agreements, missing support and actual decision-making power. The analytical framework is applied to two case studies in Austria: an EU LIFE-Nature project and a Cultural Landscape Project of the Provincial Government of Lower Austria. Analysis of the effort-benefit-relations provides an indication for a more effective design of co-management. Although the processes are rated as quite adequate, there is a low willingness of participants to commit additional time to co-management processes. In contrast to the Cultural Landscape Project, in the LIFE-Nature project, professionally involved persons participate next to partly and full volunteers. These uneven conditions of participation and an unfair distribution of transaction costs, jeopardize the promising chances co-management bears for landscape governance.