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371.
372.
立足于我国生态环境保护工作的现实形势和发展趋势,本文判断在"十四五"时期我国生态环境保护将走出环境库兹涅茨曲线峰值期,但继续提升生态环境质量的边际成本会上升。此外,"十四五"时期也将是生态环境保护的主次要矛盾转化期、经济社会发展和生态环境保护的阶段性和区域性分异并存期。基于此,立足于我国社会主义现代化强国新征程和实施"两步走"战略的总体部署,进一步贯彻习近平生态文明思想,本文提出了"十四五"时期我国生态环境保护工作的主线和原则,以及加快推进生态环境治理体系现代化进程的路径和重大工程,以期推动生态文明建设迈向新时代。 相似文献
373.
本研究以北京市海淀区和通州区1320份居民家庭水—能消费行为调查问卷为样本,采用参数估算方法,核算了家庭洗澡、做饭、清洁、制冷供暖四类主要水—能消费行为的人均用水量、用电量、用气量和碳排放量,运用统计检验识别了不同人群的主要消费行为、碳排放特征,利用回归分析方法分析了不同人群的各种消费行为碳排放量的影响因素。研究结果显示,北京市居民家庭水—能耦合行为相关的人均用水量为26.9 m~3/a、电耗为254.1 k W·h/a、燃气消耗量为27.8 m~3/a,分别约占家庭全年消耗/排放总量的65.6%、31.8%和50.4%。水—能耦合行为相关总碳排放量包括居民家庭能耗直接碳排放量和水耗的水资源生产和处理过程间接碳排放量。案例地区居民家庭水—能耦合相关总碳排放量为376.7 kg CO_2/a,占家庭总量的40.1%,其中间接碳排放量为36.1kg CO_2/a,远低于直接碳排放量。这一结果说明城市水、能资源和碳排放协同管理需要重点关注消费端。从消费行为来看,家庭用水量中洗澡和做饭占比最高;用电量中不同季节行为差异较大,冬季洗澡用电占比最高,夏季制冷用电占比最高;各个行为的碳排放量在不同季节也有显著差异,其中冬季和春秋季洗澡碳排放量较高,夏季制冷碳排放量较高;高用水量人群洗澡和做饭行为的用水量绝对量和占比均较高,高碳排放人群的洗澡碳排放绝对量和占比均较高。从影响因素来看,洗澡行为变量对总碳排放量的影响作用高于做饭和清洁行为。研究表明,关注不同类型居民家庭的水—能耦合关系及相应的碳排放,尤其是洗澡和制冷行为,是家庭碳减排高关注度的优先领域。 相似文献
374.
旧城区绿地作为关键的社会—生态系统载体,是城市高质量发展与转型治理亟需关注的问题。构建广州旧城区绿地服务基本单元,引入适应性循环理论的潜力—连通度—恢复力三维框架,构建表征生态、社会与经济服务的绿地景观指标体系,综合评估2000—2018年广州旧城区绿地的空间恢复力水平及适应性转化特征。研究结果显示:旧城区绿地的恢复力演化具有明显的核心区与外围区的时空分异,在拆除重建阶段呈现快速开发—快速释放—重组的转化,在微更新阶段主要呈现开发—保护的提升,并具有提升型、稳定型和更替型的社会—生态系统服务适应性。由此说明,城市更新具有调节社会—生态系统服务治理的效果。其中,绿地形状指数、5 min可达绿地率以及土地利用混合度对核心区绿地恢复力具有显著的促进作用,为外围区治理提供参考。同时,进一步探讨了更新政策与城市绿地空间恢复力演化的关系,为促进旧城区绿地空间更新治理提供社会—生态系统适应性的理论与实证案例研究。 相似文献
375.
Melissa Nursey-Bray 《Local Environment》2017,22(2):156-171
Conflict is an important factor in ongoing climate change debates and its role in management is under increasing scrutiny. In this paper, I present the results of an advanced discourse analysis that analyses trends in the relationship between conflict and climate change. I present two primary discourses dominate discussion: (i) climate as a security risk and (ii) climate as one of many factors affecting power relations that may lead to conflict. Both narratives implicitly or explicitly discuss climate conflict as a cause–outcome relationship, and further primarily construct conflict and climate change within normative frames. Yet, conflict has transformative potential and can be incorporated into management in ways that harness its capacity to drive innovation and lead to more robust and just adaptive governance. I argue for a shift in the discursive frame from a cause– outcome-oriented approach to a process-driven approach, one that treats conflict as an integral part of adaptive governance processes, thus being more just and equitable. Such a shift in focus can lead to positive on ground climate adaptation outcomes, in ways that respect rather than are counter-intuitive to dominant political and societal imbalances and institutional structures. 相似文献
376.
We used linear and multivariate models to examine the associations between geography, biodiversity, per capita economic output, national spending on conservation, governance, and cultural traits in 55 countries. Cultural traits and social metrics of modernization correlated positively with national spending on conservation. The global distribution of this spending culture was poorly aligned with the distribution of biodiversity. Specifically, biodiversity was greater in the tropics where cultures tended to spend relatively less on conservation and tended to have higher collectivism, formalized and hierarchical leadership, and weaker governance. Consequently, nations lacking social traits frequently associated with modernization, environmentalism, and conservation spending have the largest component of Earth's biodiversity. This has significant implications for setting policies and priorities for resource management given that biological diversity is rapidly disappearing and cultural traits change slowly. Therefore, we suggest natural resource management adapt to and use characteristics of existing social organization rather than wait for or promote social values associated with conservation spending. Supporting biocultural traditions, engaging leaders to increase conservation commitments, cross‐national efforts that complement attributes of cultures, and avoiding interference with nature may work best to conserve nature in collective and hierarchical societies. Spending in modernized nations may be a symbolic response to a symptom of economic development and environmental degradation, and here conservation actions need to ensure that biodiversity is not being lost. 相似文献
377.
E. J. HASTINGS E. A. BANKS K. L. HOLSTEAD R. J. IRVINE K. L. BLACKSTOCK 《Conservation biology》2014,28(5):1215-1224
The ecosystem approach—as endorsed by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) in 2000—is a strategy for holistic, sustainable, and equitable natural resource management, to be implemented via the 12 Malawi Principles. These principles describe the need to manage nature in terms of dynamic ecosystems, while fully engaging with local peoples. It is an ambitious concept. Today, the term is common throughout the research and policy literature on environmental management. However, multiple meanings have been attached to the term, resulting in confusion. We reviewed references to the ecosystem approach from 1957 to 2012 and identified 3 primary uses: as an alternative to ecosystem management or ecosystem‐based management; in reference to an integrated and equitable approach to resource management as per the CBD; and as a term signifying a focus on understanding and valuing ecosystem services. Although uses of this term and its variants may overlap in meaning, typically, they do not entirely reflect the ethos of the ecosystem approach as defined by the CBD. For example, there is presently an increasing emphasis on ecosystem services, but focusing on these alone does not promote decentralization of management or use of all forms of knowledge, both of which are integral to the CBD's concept. We highlight that the Malawi Principles are at risk of being forgotten. To better understand these principles, more effort to implement them is required. Such efforts should be evaluated, ideally with comparative approaches, before allowing the CBD's concept of holistic and socially engaged management to be abandoned or superseded. It is possible that attempts to implement all 12 principles together will face many challenges, but they may also offer a unique way to promote holistic and equitable governance of natural resources. Therefore, we believe that the CBD's concept of the ecosystem approach demands more attention. La Necesidad de Desenredar Conceptos Clave del Argot Ambiente‐Estrategia 相似文献
378.
Ayesha I.T. Tulloch Richard F. Maloney Liana N. Joseph Joseph R. Bennett Martina M.I. Di Fonzo William J.M. Probert Shaun M. O'Connor Jodie P. Densem Hugh P. Possingham 《Conservation biology》2015,29(2):513-524
Conservation outcomes are uncertain. Agencies making decisions about what threat mitigation actions to take to save which species frequently face the dilemma of whether to invest in actions with high probability of success and guaranteed benefits or to choose projects with a greater risk of failure that might provide higher benefits if they succeed. The answer to this dilemma lies in the decision maker's aversion to risk—their unwillingness to accept uncertain outcomes. Little guidance exists on how risk preferences affect conservation investment priorities. Using a prioritization approach based on cost effectiveness, we compared 2 approaches: a conservative probability threshold approach that excludes investment in projects with a risk of management failure greater than a fixed level, and a variance‐discounting heuristic used in economics that explicitly accounts for risk tolerance and the probabilities of management success and failure. We applied both approaches to prioritizing projects for 700 of New Zealand's threatened species across 8303 management actions. Both decision makers’ risk tolerance and our choice of approach to dealing with risk preferences drove the prioritization solution (i.e., the species selected for management). Use of a probability threshold minimized uncertainty, but more expensive projects were selected than with variance discounting, which maximized expected benefits by selecting the management of species with higher extinction risk and higher conservation value. Explicitly incorporating risk preferences within the decision making process reduced the number of species expected to be safe from extinction because lower risk tolerance resulted in more species being excluded from management, but the approach allowed decision makers to choose a level of acceptable risk that fit with their ability to accommodate failure. We argue for transparency in risk tolerance and recommend that decision makers accept risk in an adaptive management framework to maximize benefits and avoid potential extinctions due to inefficient allocation of limited resources. El Efecto de la Aversión de Riesgo sobre la Priorización de Proyectos de Conservación 相似文献
379.
Vassiliki Kati Tasos Hovardas Martin Dieterich Pierre L. Ibisch Barbara Mihok Nuria Selva 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):260-270
Established under the European Union (EU) Birds and Habitats Directives, Natura 2000 is one of the largest international networks of protected areas. With the spatial designation of sites by the EU member states almost finalized, the biggest challenge still lying ahead is the appropriate management of the sites. To evaluate the cross‐scale functioning of Natura 2000 implementation, we analyzed 242 questionnaires completed by conservation scientists involved in the implementation of Natura 2000 in 24 EU member states. Respondents identified 7 key drivers of the quality of Natura 2000 implementation. Ordered in decreasing evaluation score, these drivers included: network design, use of external resources, legal frame, scientific input, procedural frame, social input, and national or local policy. Overall, conservation scientists were moderately satisfied with the implementation of Natura 2000. Tree modeling revealed that poor application of results of environmental impact assessments (EIA) was considered a major constraint. The main strengths of the network included the substantial increase of scientific knowledge of the sites, the contribution of nongovernmental organizations, the adequate network design in terms of area and representativeness, and the adequacy of the EU legal frame. The main weaknesses of Natura 2000 were the lack of political will from local and national governments toward effective implementation; the negative attitude of local stakeholders; the lack of background knowledge of local stakeholders, which prevented well‐informed policy decisions; and the understaffing of Natura 2000 management authorities. Top suggestions to improve Natura 2000 implementation were increase public awareness, provide environmental education to local communities, involve high‐quality conservation experts, strengthen quality control of EIA studies, and establish a specific Natura 2000 fund. El Reto de Implementar la Red Europea de Áreas Protegidas Natura 2000 相似文献
380.
谢兴保 《长江流域资源与环境》1995,(4)
根据三峡工程建设中需要耗费大量木材的事实,结合三峡库区自然资源实际,着重探讨了开发新型竹胶台板代替木质模板,支援三峡工程建设,同时带动库区发展竹木种植及竹材深加工业,具体落实开发性移民方针的思路和对策。 相似文献