A hybrid method for inverse characterization of subsurface contaminant flux

The methods presented in this work provide a potential tool for characterizing contaminant source zones in terms of mass flux. The problem was conceptualized by considering contaminant transport through a vertical "flux plane" located between a source zone and a downgradient region where contaminant concentrations were measured. The goal was to develop a robust method capable of providing a statement of the magnitude and uncertainty associated with estimated contaminant mass flux values. In order to estimate the magnitude and transverse spatial distribution of mass flux through a plane, the problem was considered in an optimization framework. Two numerical optimization techniques were applied, simulated annealing (SA) and minimum relative entropy (MRE). The capabilities of the flux plane model and the numerical solution techniques were evaluated using data from a numerically generated test problem and a nonreactive tracer experiment performed in a three-dimensional aquifer model. Results demonstrate that SA is more robust and converges more quickly than MRE. However, SA is not capable of providing an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the simulated flux values. In contrast, MRE is not as robust as SA, but once in the neighborhood of the optimal solution, it is quite effective as a tool for inferring mass flux probability density functions, expected flux values, and confidence limits. A hybrid (SA-MRE) solution technique was developed in order to take advantage of the robust solution capabilities of SA and the uncertainty estimation capabilities of MRE. The coupled technique provided probability density functions and confidence intervals that would not have been available from an independent SA algorithm and they were obtained more efficiently than if provided by an independent MRE algorithm.     

Methane fluxes from tundra soils and snowpack in the maritime Antarctic

Methane fluxes were measured from three exposed tundra sites and four snowpack sites on the Fildes Peninsula in the maritime Antarctic in the summertime of 2002. The average fluxes at two normal tundra sites were −15.3 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ and −14.3 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The fluxes from tundra site with fresh penguin dropping addition showed positive values with the average of 36.1 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, suggesting that the deposition of fresh droppings greatly enhanced CH₄ emissions from the poor Antarctic tundra during penguin breeding periods. The summertime variation in CH₄ flux was correlated with surface ground temperature and the precipitation. The correlation between the flux and PT₀, which is the product of the precipitation and surface ground temperature, was quite strong. The diurnal cycle of CH₄ flux from the tundra soils was not obtained due to local fluky weather conditions. The fluxes through four snowpack sites were also obtained by the vertical CH₄ concentration gradient and their average fluxes were −46.5 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, −28.2 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, −46.4 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ and −17.9 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively, indicating that tundra soils under snowpack also consume atmospheric CH₄ in the maritime Antarctic; therefore these fluxes could constitute an important part of the annual CH₄ budget for Antarctic tundra ecosystem.     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用现状及展望

综述了膜生物反应器（MBR）的研究进展，介绍了其分类及特点、处理机理与MBR运行的影响因素以及膜污染的控制等，并概括了MBR的发展及展望。MBR是近来发展较迅速的一种污水治理设备，具有占地少、能耗低等优点，但也存在一定的缺点，其中膜污染是影响其推广应用的主要因素，目前国内外学者一般都以膜污染作为切入点进行研究，通过改变料液性质、优化操作参数、提高膜清洗效率等方法得以防治膜污染。     

Chemical composition of rainwater in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region (2003–2006)

Chemical composition of rainwater was studied in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region, and the concentrations of major inorganic and organic ions were measured in samples collected between April 2003 and December 2006. The pH of the rainwater is 5.92 (volume weighted mean average, VWM) suggesting a sufficient load of alkaline components neutralizing its acidity. On average, 97% of the acidity in the collected samples is neutralized by CaCO₃ and NH₃. Clear seasonal variations were observed for some of the identified ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺). The data obtained during this work revealed that both concentrations and fluxes of anthropogenic source-related ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) are among the highest reported for European sites. It is shown that meteorology and long-range transport processes may concur to their high levels.     

Comment on “Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration-time series recorded during an integral pumping test: Bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume” by Allelign Zeru and Gerhard Schäfer

We consider the results of a recent paper in this journal [Zeru, A. and Schäfer, G., 2005. Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration–time series recorded during an integral pumping test: Bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 81 (2005) 106–124], which addresses the field-scale characterisation of contaminant plumes in groundwater. There, it is concluded that contaminant concentration gradients can bias Integral Pumping Test (IPT) interpretations considerably, in particular if IPTs are conducted in advective fronts of contaminant plumes. We discuss implications of this setting and also argue that the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities used in the examples of Zeru and Schäfer (2005) of up to 30 m and 3 m, respectively, are generally very high for the here relevant capture zone scale (< 20 m). However, regardless of both longitudinal and transverse concentration gradients, we further show through a counter-example that IPT results are unbiased as long as the concentration attenuation along the flow direction is linear over the capture zone extent.     

Calibration and testing of a dynamic flow-through chamber for field determination of methyl bromide volatilization flux

Accurate emission measurement of highly volatile chemicals such as methyl bromide (MeBr) is a crucial step in assessing their potential for environmental contamination. Use of flux chambers is a simple method for measuring emission rate under field conditions. To validate the applicability of a dynamic flow-through chamber for measuring MeBr emission, we provide a complete presentation of calibration and testing of the chamber. The calibration was made under a controlled system subject to ambient temperature changes. Two field experiments were conducted to test the chamber for measuring MeBr flux under conditions similar to commercial soil fumigation practices. In both the calibration and the two field experiments, the chamber provided accurate emission estimates. The maximum mass balance error was < 10% which is comparable to the micrometerological method. Because of its simplicity, we believe this dynamic flux chamber can be used reliably in quantifying the emission dynamics of highly volatile chemicals such as MeBr.     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化，使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务。本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻，考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响。试验表明，高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻，叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95％以上，比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高。与普通气浮柱比较，高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率，防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动，使气泡／藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境，避免了气泡／藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落，实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移。     

太湖藻型湖区CH4冒泡通量

冒泡是甲烷排放的主要途径之一,为量化太湖藻型湖区CH₄冒泡通量及其占总通量的比例,本研究采用静态箱-便携式温室气体自动分析仪方法对春、夏季太湖梅梁湾进行了多日连续观测.结果表明,太湖藻型湖区春、夏季CH₄冒泡通量均存在白天高于夜间的日变化特征.春、夏季CH₄冒泡通量分别为1.843、104.497nmol/（m²·s）,占总通量的比例分别为31.2%和68.6%,即冒泡是夏季CH₄排放的主要方式,而春季CH₄排放则以扩散为主.在小时及日尺度上,CH₄冒泡通量与温度（气温、表面水温和底泥温度）和气压显著相关,且随着温度升高、气压降低,CH₄冒泡排放分别呈指数增加和线性增加趋势.本研究可为准确估算太湖流域CH₄总排放量及明确我国湖泊对全球碳循环的贡献提供重要的基础数据.     

基于精细化观测的沙尘通量分布特征

研究沙尘随高度的变化特征对揭示沙尘物质在近地层分布特征具有重要意义。为揭示0—80 m沙尘通量的垂直分布规律,在野外实测的基础上,选取2008年7月20日、8月7日、8月19日、8月29日4次沙尘天气,对贴地层（0—0.05 m）、中间层（0.05—2 m）、近地层（2—80 m）的沙尘通量进行对比分析。结果表明：贴地层（0—0.05 m）,沙尘通量随着高度的增高呈增加趋势,最大值为1604.29 g?mm^?2。中间层（0.05—2 m）,沙尘通量随高度分布的关系为幂函数关系,且随着高度的升高沙尘通量减小,决定系数R²值均在0.9以上。近地层（2—80 m）,沙尘通量随高度增加呈分段函数分布,32 m、48 m处为沙尘通量的拐点高度。由此看出,研究沙尘通量对阐明沙尘输送机制非常重要,不仅可加强对沙尘输送的定量研究,还可为沙尘输送的数值模拟提供重要参数。     

黄土高原成龄苹果园生态系统CO2通量特征

黄土高原地区是中国和世界苹果(Malus demestica)集中连片栽培面积最大的区域,在生态环境改善中发挥了重要作用,然而关于黄土高原地区苹果园生态系统尺度上的碳通量研究很少.在本研究中,利用涡度相关技术对我国陕西黄土高原地区成龄苹果园生态系统的CO_2通量和气象因素进行了观测.基于2016年1月到2016年12月的观测数据,定量分析了此苹果园净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))和生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)不同时间尺度及主要气象因素的变化,探究了光合有效辐射(PAR)和不同层次土壤温度(T_s)、空气温度(T_a)对NEE的影响.结果表明,苹果园生态系统NEE月总量在非果树生长季12、1、2和3月为正值(表现为碳源),生长季(4~11月)均为负值(表现为碳汇),整体表现为强烈的碳汇.生长季NEE月平均日变化在8月出现最大吸收峰[-17.08μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)],11月吸收峰最小[-4.47μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)];在非生长季NEE的月平均日变化非常微弱,昼夜变化不明显.GPP、Reco和NEE日总量的最大值分别为11.12、5.04和-7.34 g·( m~2·d)~(-1).GPP、Reco和NEE月总量的最大值分别为238.97、105.38和-144.44 g·(m~2·月)~(-1),月GPP和NEE总量在5~8月保持相对稳定的高值.全年GPP、Reco和NEE分别为1 223.2、525.2和-698.0 g·(m2·a)-1,表明我国黄土高原地区的成龄苹果园生态系统具有相对较高的固碳能力.夜间生态系统呼吸Reco.n与不同层次土壤温度、空气温度之间呈正相关关系,相关系数表现为T_(s-5 cm)T_(s-10 cm)T_(a-4 m)T_(a-8 m);光合有效辐射PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的80%以上.