典型西北山地-绿洲系统不同水体水化学特征及其水力关系分析

开都河流域是西北内陆区典型的山地绿洲系统,其水化学信息对了解区域水文过程和优化水资源配置具有重要意义.基于2020年内不同季节山区、绿洲区多种水体样品的采集及测试,分析了该区域水化学特征及其水力联系.结果表明：(1)研究区水体整体呈微碱性,pH和TDS值呈现绿洲区高、山区低的分布特征;HCO^-₃和Ca²⁺为主要的阴阳离子,区域水化学类型多为HCO^-₃-Ca²⁺型,绿洲区地下水水化学类型较之山区更复杂;区域水化学特征受岩石风化和人类活动影响较为明显.(2)河水δ¹⁸O和δD值呈现夏季贫化、春季富集的季节变化特征,而地下水为冬春贫化,秋季富集;降水和冰川水年内变化不显著;河水及地下水的δ¹⁸O和δD值则表现为绿洲区富集、山区贫化的空间分布特征.(3)研究区地表水和地下水的相互关系密切,且在夏季转化频繁;绿洲区地表水与地下水的转化特征呈显著的时空差异性.研究结果对于我国西北内陆区水资源的优化配置具有重要意义.     

铅稳定同位素在环境源解析中的应用

近年来不断发生铅污染事件引起了各界的广泛关注,但由于源解析技术的相对滞后,导致在处理这些事件中很难有效提供科学的证据确定主要的污染源和暴露途径,造成不能及时、有效地提供血铅污染防控对策。随着近年来铅稳定同位素技术的快速发展和测试设备的普及,该技术逐步引入至环境污染识别过程中,成为判断铅污染来源的和途径的一个重要技术。文章系统地介绍了铅稳定同位素组成、指纹特征、研究发展过程以及国内外最新研究热点,在此基础上提出了现存的问题,展望了铅稳定同位素与多元混合模型结合进行定量源解析的研究趋势。     

基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应

根据GNIP提供的1985年1月至2004年12月黄土高原8个站点的409个降水同位素数据及同期的气象资料,结合HYSPLIT 4.9模型,分析了该区δ18O和d的时空分布特征,计算了二次蒸发的比率,并对不同气象因子影响二次蒸发的程度作了探讨,得到以下结论:1冬季风和夏季风期间,在黄土高原内由南向北δ18O呈上升趋势,d呈下降趋势;自东向西δ18O仅在夏季风期间有上升趋势,而在冬季风期间呈现下降趋势,d总呈现下降的趋势,δ18O和d的变化幅度可以指示季风的路径.2该区全年存在二次蒸发效应,夏季风期间最为明显,蒸发比率介于1.51%~5.88%之间,平均值为3.87%.冬季风期间蒸发比率总体较低,介于1.06%~5.46%之间,平均值也降为3.03%.黄土高原边缘站点蒸发比率受季风变化影响较大,而中部站点受季风变化影响较小.3温度对二次蒸发的影响较大,降水量和水汽压其次,相对湿度较小.此外,风速和海拔对二次蒸发的影响较弱.     

胶莱平原大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征研究

区域大气降水稳定同位素组成是利用同位素技术研究区域水循环所必须的前提,对于深入了解水循环过程具有重要意义。本研究基于降水样品,分析了胶莱平原及周边地区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征,探讨了降水同位素的环境效应,并通过对比分析不同水汽输送路径站点的降水同位素季节变化趋势,揭示了胶莱平原大气降水水汽来源。结果显示：胶莱平原大气降水线LMWL为δ²H=6.38δ¹⁸O+0.72,胶莱平原大气降水δ¹⁸O存在较显著的温度效应和降水量效应,高程效应不显著。6—9月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于东亚季风,水汽主要来自相邻太平洋海域蒸发水汽;10月—次年5月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于西风,水汽来源于局地蒸发,受极地水汽影响较小。本研究结果将为胶莱平原地表水—地下水—海水之间的相互转化及水循环研究提供基础。     

无定河流域地表水硝酸盐浓度的时空分布特征及来源解析

无定河流域作为黄河的一级支流,其水生态环境质量深刻影响着黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展.为识别无定河流域硝酸盐污染来源,对2019～2021年期间无定河的地表水样品进行了采集,探究了流域地表水体硝酸盐浓度的时空分布特征及影响因素,借助水化学方法、氮氧同位素示踪技术以及MixSIAR模型定性和定量地确定了地表水硝酸盐各来源及其贡献率.结果表明,无定河流域硝酸盐浓度存在显著时空差异.时间上,丰水期地表水NO^-₃-N浓度均值高于平水期;空间上,下游地表水NO^-₃-N浓度均值高于上游.地表水硝酸盐浓度的时空差异主要受降雨径流、土壤类型以及土地利用类型的影响.无定河流域地表水丰水期硝酸盐的主要来源是生活污水及粪肥、化学肥料和土壤有机氮,其贡献率分别为43.3%、 27.6%和22.1%,降水的贡献率仅占7.0%.不同河段地表水硝酸盐污染源贡献率存在差异,上游土壤氮贡献率明显高于下游,为26.5%;而下游生活污水及粪肥的贡献率明显高于上游,为48.9%.可为无定河乃至干旱及半干旱地区的河流硝酸盐来源解析和污染治理...     

鲜水河断裂带虾拉沱盆地断面地下水化学特征及控制因素

为研究鲜水河断裂带内地下水水化学特征及离子来源,在采集虾拉沱盆地内降水、地表水、地下水、温泉水样品的基础上,综合运用离子比值、相关性分析、Gibbs图、Piper三线图和饱和指数等方法,分析了地下水中主要离子特征,并结合氢氧同位素信息分析了地下水的补给来源.结果表明,虾拉沱盆地地下水均为弱碱性,阳离子以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Na~+为主,Ca~(2+)占总离子2. 6%～53. 6%,平均为28. 84%,Mg~(2+)占总离子2. 7%～57%,平均为40. 6%,Na~+占总离子6. 2%～93. 1%,平均为28. 6%;阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,占总离子82. 4%～98%,平均为89. 6%,而章谷温泉主要以HCO_3~-和Na~+为主,分别占阴阳离子的93. 1%和98%,TDS介于116. 11～372. 75 mg·L~(-1),均值281. 91 mg·L~(-1);地下水水化学类型为HCO_3~-Mg·Ca和HCO_3~-Ca·Mg型,水文地球化学过程受碳酸盐岩风化溶解控制;温泉受断裂带控制明显,主要发育在鲜水河主断层附近,水化学类型为HCO_3~-Na型,水文地球化学过程受硅酸盐岩溶解控制.     

Stable chlorine intramolecular kinetic isotope effects from the abiotic dehydrochlorination of DDT

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Identifying different sources and following reaction pathways of chlorinated organic contaminants in the environment can be challenging, especially when only their concentrations are available. Compound-specific stable chlorine measurements of some contaminants have recently been shown to provide additional information and an increased understanding of their biogeochemistry. These studies, however, have been generally limited to volatile molecules. OBJECTIVE: Here, the stable chlorine isotope ratios of the semi-volatile pesticide, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were investigated. Specifically, the intramolecular stable chlorine isotopic compositions of DDT and the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the abiotic dehydrochlorination of DDT to 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (DDE) were determined. METHODS: Selective chemical oxidation of DDT to dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) and analysis of each compound was used to calculate the stable chlorine isotope ratios of the alkyl and aromatic chlorines in DDT. To determine the KIE for dehydrochlorination, DDT was reacted in a basic solution to yield DDE at 52 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 72 degrees C for 3, 5, and 5 days, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Significant intramolecular stable chlorine isotopic differences were observed in one sample of DDT where the alkyl and aromatic delta 37Cl values were -5.76 +/- 0.45 and -2.21 +/- 0.24%@1000, respectively. Dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE in basic solutions at 52, 60, and 70 degrees C resulted in a substantial intramolecular KIE where the alkyl chlorines of DDE shifted by approximately 3%@1000 relative to the alkyl chlorines in DDT. However, no temperature dependence was observed. The KIE, calculated by an iterative program, was 1.009. CONCLUSIONS: Intramolecular differences in the stable chlorine isotope ratios were observed in DDT and this is the first such finding. Dehydrochlorination of DDT yields a measurable and distinct intramolecular stable chlorine KIE. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study demonstrate the existence of significant intramolecular differences in chlorinated organic compounds. Many other chlorinated semi-volatile and volatile organic contaminants are synthesized from multiple sources of chlorine, and we recommend that similar studies be performed on many such molecules in order to attain a clear understanding of their intramolecular chlorine isotopic differences. The existence of a measurable KIE for the dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE shows the potential strength of using isotopic measurements to investigate the biogeochemistry of these important compounds. For example, the isotopically depleted aqueous chloride produced by dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE may be a useful tracer of these reactions in freshwater environments.     

2017年最大降水对再生水受水河道径流组成的影响

再生水受水河道水文条件作为河流水生环境及生化反应重要控制因子,会受到丰水季降水汇入的影响.以潮白河典型受水河道——顺义段为例,通过丰水期前（2017-06-11）、降水中（2017-07-06）、降水后（2017-07-08、2017-07-09）河水中氢氧同位素特征和氯离子浓度的变化,识别地表径流组成对2017年最大日降水量（重现期3.3a）的响应,揭示河流汇水过程径流组成的时空差异及原因.结果表明,在降水初期,降水中氢氧同位素主要受雨量效应影响,后期微小变幅主要受水汽来源差异影响,整个河段接受降水的同位素值相近.降水后3 d内坡地汇流尚未停止,在各断面占比各异;坡地汇流占比沿程增加（2%~85.6%）,再生水占比沿程减少（90%~67%）,再生水通过优先通道到达下游断面.降水后3 d内SY01~SY05断面水量由坡地汇流、再生水、原位水组成,有明显的河网汇水过程,SY06~SY07断面水量由坡地汇流及原位水组成.     

CHARACTERIZING GROUND WATER FLOW IN THE MUNICIPAL WELL FIELDS OF CEDAR RAPIDS,IOWA, WITH SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS1

ABSTRACT: Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from a shallow alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east-central Iowa. Water samples were collected and analyzed for selected isotopes and chlorofluorocarbons to characterize the ground-water flow system near the municipal well fields. Analyses of deuterium and oxygen-18 indicate that water in the alluvial aquifer and in the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer was recharged from precipitation during modern climatic conditions. Analyses of tritium indicate modern, post-1952, water in the alluvial aquifer and older, pre-1952, water in the bedrock aquifer. Mixing of the modern and older waters occurs in areas where (1) the confining layer between the two aquifers is discontinuous, (2) the bedrock aquifer is fractured, or (3) pumping of supply wells induces the flow of water between aquifers. Analyses of chlorofluorocarbons were used to determine the date of recharge of water samples. Water in the bedrock aquifer likely was recharged prior to the 1950s. Water in the alluvial aquifer likely was recharged from the 1960s to 1990s. Biodegradation or sorption probably affected some of the ground water analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons. These processes reduce the concentrations of CFCs, which results in older than actual calculated dates of recharge.     

Isotopic and hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater at Qusier-Safaga area,eastern desert,Egypt

The groundwater resources of the El-Qusier-Safaga area on the Red Sea coastal zone have still to be utilised fully for social and economic development. In the present study, an inventory of recharge sources and quality of groundwater in different water bearing formations is made to assist in management of these vital resources. From a hydrochemical point of view, the origin of salinity in the five investigated aquifers are mainly dissolution of terrestrial minerals, leaching of soilsvia floods or ion exchanges processes. Stable isotope data clarify the interaction between different aquifers and indicate that the source of recharge is mainly meteoric water originating from palaeowater of the Pleistocene pluvial period, and from local precipitation as well as some marine water. Evaluation of the groundwater quality for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes is discussed.