Using Mussel Isotope Ratios to Assess Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs to Freshwater Ecosystems

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios (¹⁵N) of freshwater mussels from a series of lakes and ponds wererelated to watershed land use characteristics to assess their utility in determining the source ofnitrogen inputs to inland water bodies. Nitrogen isotope ratiosmeasured in freshwater musselsfrom 19 lakes and ponds in Rhode Island, U.S.A., ranged from4.9–12.6 and were found tosignificantly correlate with the fraction of residential development in 100 and 200 m bufferzones around the ponds. Mussel ¹⁵N values in 12 of the 19 ponds also showed significantcorrelation with average dissolved nitrate concentrations, which ranged from 23–327 g L^-1.These observations, in light of previous studies which link elevated¹⁵N values of nitrogenderived from septic wastewater with those seen in biota, suggest that mussel isotope ratios mayreflect nitrogen source in freshwater ecosystems. We followed aniterative approach usingmultiple regression analysis to assess the relationship between mussel¹⁵N and the land usecategories fraction residential development, fraction feedlotagriculture, fraction row-cropagriculture, and fraction natural vegetation in 100 and 200 m bufferzones and pond watersheds.From this we developed a simple regression model to predict mussel¹⁵N from the fraction ofresidential development in the 200 m buffer zone around the pond.Subsequent testing with datafrom 16 additional sites in the same ecoregion led us to refine themodel by incorporating thefraction of natural vegetation. The overall average absolute differencebetween measured andpredicted ¹⁵N values using the two-parameter model was 1.6. Potential sources of error inthe model include differences in the scale and categorization ofland-use data used to generate andtest the model, differences in physical characteristics, such asretention time and range ofresidential development, and exclusion of sources of enrichednitrogen such as runoff from feedlot operations or increased nitrogen loading from inefficient or failed septic systems.     

Mobility and Methylation of Mercury in Forest Soils Development of an In-Situ Stable Isotope Tracer Technique and Initial Results

A method for investigating in-situmethylation and mobility of mercury has beendeveloped and applied to forest soil. The methodis based on additions of stable ¹⁹⁹Hgisotopes to forest soil plots followed bysampling and analysis of isotope ratios of totalmercury and MeHg using ICP-MS. Initial resultsindicate that a fraction (30%) of the mercuryadded to the forest soils is immobilised over atime scale of 16 months. A small but significantfraction of the mercury is methylated during thesame time scale. Higher methylation rates werefound in wetland soil than in dry forest podzolsoil.     

重庆市老龙洞地下河流域硝酸盐来源和生物地球化学过程的识别

为明确城市地区岩溶地下水系统硝酸盐污染来源和生物地球化学过程,于2019年7月至2020年10月期间,采集了重庆市老龙洞地下河流域内的污水、井水和地下河水,测定其水化学和硝酸盐氮氧双同位素值（δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-）.结果表明：①污水的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-分别介于-3.3‰~14.6‰和-5.2‰~20.6‰之间,说明污水中的硝酸盐主要来源于生活污水排放及化肥渗漏;井水的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-分别介于3.1‰~12.6‰和2.9‰~8.9‰之间,说明井水中的硝酸盐主要来自于粪肥及土壤有机氮矿化分解;地下河水中的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-分别介于5.6‰~28.6‰和-2.0‰~15.7‰之间,说明市政污水以及农田中施用的粪肥是地下河水中主要的硝酸盐来源.②基于MixSIAR模型计算得出,粪肥污水是地下河水中硝酸盐的主要贡献源,贡献占比为89.1%,土壤有机氮、化肥和大气降水贡献率分别为4.4%、3.4%和3.1%.③流域内的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）由低到高依次为：井水（0.14~5.15）、地下河水（0.50~9.36）和污水（4.08~89.50）.仅有50%井水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）略高于反硝化发生的化学计量比最低限（0.65）,说明COD可能不足以支撑井水中发生反硝化,井水中的硝酸盐氮氧双同位素未发生明显富集,验证了井水中未发生反硝化作用;90%地下河水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）高于0.65,硝酸盐氮氧双同位素同步富集,δ¹⁵ N ：δ¹⁸ O为1.8,介于反硝化发生时的1.3~2.1,说明地下河水在流动过程中发生了反硝化作用;所有污水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）远高于0.65,其中25%污水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）高于发生异化还原为铵（DNRA）的优势化学计量比（29.34）,δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和ρ（NH₄⁺）：ρ（NO₃^-）同步升高,表明污水中可能发生了DNRA.     

Influence of hydrodynamic conditions on the production and fate of Posidonia oceanica in a semi-enclosed shallow basin (Stagnone di Marsala, Western Sicily)

An integrated approach using hydrodynamic and transport numerical models, lepidochronology and stable isotope analysis was used to investigate how local hydrodynamic conditions influence the primary production and fate of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in a Mediterranean semi-enclosed marine system (Stagnone di Marsala). The water mass exchange aptitude of different sectors of the basin was analysed, and data collected were used to select two sectors (colonized by Posidonia oceanica showing the lowest and highest water exchange values) for biological analyses. According to the mean dispersal coefficient differences simulated by the hydrodynamic model, growth rate and primary production of P. oceanica differed between sectors, with average values lower in the central sector where water exchange is lower than in the southern sector. Although P. oceanica coverage and primary production were higher in the southern sector, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis suggests that the transfer of seagrass organic matter to higher trophic levels of the food web was higher in the central sector. The possibility of a link between hydrodynamism, production and fate of organic matter is proposed to explain the observed patterns.     

RAD7测氡仪标准条件下不确定度的研究

研究RAD7测氡仪对空气中氡浓度测量的不确定度;通过标准氡室模拟不同的氡浓度,对该测氡仪在标准条件下测量的不确定度进行研究;取包含因子k=2时,在模拟的两种氡浓度情况下得到的该测氡仪不确定度分别为14.38%和14.52%;该测氡仪达到GB50325-2001中对空气中氡检测方法的测量不确定度的要求。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域不同水体氢氧同位素特征

研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水体间同位素特征及水体转化关系,可以更好了解黄土丘陵沟壑区水循环特征,为评价区域环境、气候、生态建设和水资源形成机制提供依据.通过野外采集2017年整年生态建设治理条件良好的韭园沟研究区降水、河水及浅层地下水中δD和δ18O日及月平均数据及相关气象资料,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了不同水体中稳定氢氧同位素的组成关系、影响因子及时空变化,结合二端元混合模型揭示了研究区不同水体中稳定同位素间转化特征.结果显示:河水氘盈余参数在观测期间内呈现出随海拔升高而增大的趋势,河水δ18O值随着距河源距离的增大而富集,随着高度的递增而降低;气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量对大气降水氢氧同位素值均影响显著;河水在非汛期表现为降水和浅层地下水补给河水,比例分别为46%和54%,在汛期为河水和降水补给浅层地下水,比例分别为60%和40%.表明研究区"降水-河水-浅层地下水"间具有良好转化关系,生态建设措施的实施对小流域不同水体转化产生了一定影响.通过以上结果可为流域水资源开发保护及流域生态水文过程研究提供帮助,为建立黄土丘陵沟壑区流域水循环模型提供依据.     

祁连山北坡中段降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

依据祁连山北坡中段8个站点的降水样品,结合同期气象数据,从降水同位素特征、影响因素以及水汽来源等方面进行分析,结果表明:①研究区降水稳定同位素季节变化明显,表现为夏半年富集,冬半年贫化的特征;在空间尺度上δ18O值随海拔的升高而减小,年降水δ18O的海拔效应为-0. 19‰/100 m;②各站点的局地大气降水线的斜率和截距表现为随海拔的增加而增加的趋势,表明2 000 m以上的高海拔山区受到更强烈的局地再循环水汽的影响;③研究区降水中稳定同位素温度效应显著,δ18O的温度效应为0. 64‰,且仅在夏季存在微弱的降水量效应;④研究区云下蒸发作用显著.在5、6、7和8月,研究区降水δ18O的平均雨滴蒸发率分别为23%、11%、12%和16%,云下蒸发富集率46%、27%、38%和32%;⑤在夏季连续降雨条件下,研究区降水的水汽来源主要为西风水汽,同时受到局地蒸发水汽的影响.本研究结果有助于进一步了解内陆河水文循环过程,为进一步开展干旱区同位素水文研究奠定基础.     

锡林河上游雨季降水、河水和地下水转化关系

为深入理解草原内陆河流域的水文循环过程及不同水体转化机制,以锡林河流域大气降水、河水和地下水为研究对象,对其氢氧稳定同位素进行了测试及多尺度时空特征分析,探究流域不同水体间的定量转化关系.结果表明：①锡林河流域具有明显的内陆性半干旱气候特征,大气降水是流域河水和地下水的主要补给源,地下水和河水同时经历了不同程度的非平衡蒸发;②河水同位素组成在季节上表现出春秋贫化、夏季富集的特征,在空间上表现为自上游到下游逐渐升高的趋势;浅层和深层地下水δ¹⁸O在生长季的波动变化基本一致,二者的主要差异发生在生长季末期,即前者趋于稳定而后者呈上升趋势,反映出深层地下水对大气降水和地表水入渗补给具有滞后响应,在空间上二者均由东南向西北逐渐贫化;③基于端元混合模型的估算结果可知,夏季大气降水和浅层地下水对河水的平均补给比例分别为52.69%和47.31%,说明对于内陆河流域,即使在多雨季节,浅层地下水也是河水的重要补给来源,研究旨在为半干旱典型草原内陆河流域的水资源调控和生态环境保护提供理论指导.     

高寒干旱区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转换关系：以大通河流域为例

全球气候变暖和区域极端气候会导致高寒干旱山区平原降雨失衡、冰川融化和冻土退化,进而改变区域水文循环.其中,地表水与地下水转化关系是高寒干旱区水文循环气候响应的重要科学问题之一.以祁连山南麓大通河流域为研究区,基于119组基本水化学参数和38组氘氧同位素数据,利用多元统计分析和同位素技术,研究了流域地表水与地下水的水化学特征及其相互转化过程.结果表明,流域地表水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型水为主,受控于岩石风化作用;地下水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型和Cl·SO₄-Na型水为主,受岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩共同控制.上游地下水存在少量钙、镁长石的溶解,中游地下水化学组分主要为碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,下游地下水中各离子组分蒸发富集使地下水溶解性总固体升高.风化溶滤、人为活动、原生沉积环境、阳离子交替吸附及其他因素对研究区地表水和地下水化学组分的贡献率依次为39.1%、 15.0%、 12.6%、 13.8%和19.5%.δD和δ¹⁸O同位素测试结果表明,沿地下水流向大通河河水氘氧同位素含量呈富集到贫化的变化趋势,大通河...     

ENSO事件对珠江中下游地区降水氢氧同位素的影响

水汽源区变化与ENSO事件显著影响季风区水循环过程。基于珠江中下游地区4个GNIP站点（中国香港、广州、桂林、柳州）的降水同位素及OLR（向外长波辐射）数据,研究了ENSO背景下δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征及ENSO事件对降水中氢氧同位素特征的影响机制。结果表明：ENSO事件是影响稳定同位素年际差异的主要因素,通过影响雨季降水的年内分配而实现;正常年大气降水线方程的斜率与截距均大于厄尔尼诺年而小于拉尼娜年;拉尼娜年加强 δ¹⁸O的反温度效应,厄尔尼诺年减弱反温度效应;厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜年热带辐合带的变化规律呈现出相反的趋势,其OLR场的变化与研究区稳定同位素特征有着较强的对应关系;ENSO事件年不同的水汽源区相对湿度特征是造成d值年际差异的主要因素。