城镇生活污水处理厂出水硝酸盐浓度及同位素组成的影响因素

城镇生活污水是地表水硝酸盐(NO^-₃)的重要来源,但其NO^-₃浓度和同位素组成(δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃)仍不明确,特别是污水处理工艺对出水NO^-₃浓度、δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃影响仍不清楚.选择焦作市污水处理厂作为研究载体,每隔8 h收集污水厂进水、二沉池出水以及总排口出水样品,连续收集3 d,分析NH⁺₄浓度、 NO^-₃浓度以及δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-     

黄河流域内蒙古段水化学同位素特征及水体转化关系

以黄河流域内蒙古段为研究区,于2021年7月（丰水季）和10月（枯水季）采集降水、黄河干流、黄河支流与季节性河流、乌梁素海、哈素海、岱海、灌区渠系和地下水等水样,测试不同类型水体的水化学组成和氢氧同位素值.综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例和MixSIAR混合模型等研究方法,分析了黄河流域内蒙古段水化学演变规律,并揭示降水、地表水和地下水的转化关系.结果表明,研究区地下水和地表水均偏弱碱性,水体中优势阴离子为Cl^-,优势阳离子为Na⁺,地表水水化学类型以Cl ·SO₄-Na ·Mg和SO₄ ·HCO₃-Na ·Mg为主,地下水水化学类型以Cl ·SO₄-Na ·Mg和SO₄ ·HCO₃-Na ·Ca.地下水Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于硅酸盐和蒸发岩的溶解,地表水Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要源于碳酸盐岩溶解,且水中碳酸和硫酸参与了碳酸盐矿物和硫化矿物溶解的过程,不同水体Na⁺和Cl^-均受人为污染源的影响.受季节效应影响,地表水和地下水δD和δ¹⁸ O丰水期较枯水期高,研究表明,地表水在接受大气降水补给后受到了蒸发分馏作用的影响,地下水补给源复杂.MixSIAR模型揭示出,研究区地表水是地下水的主要补给来源,占总补给量的52.4%~62.2%,大气降水是地表水的主要补给来源,占总补给量的85.4%~97.1%.     

黔中喀斯特石漠化区不同小生境常见木本植物水分来源特征

选择黔中清镇市王家寨小流域内不同石漠化植物群落,通过分析测定喀斯特小生境内5种常见木本植物,鼠李、火棘、烟管荚蒾、圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥与其潜在水源稳定性氢氧同位素组成,研究植物水分来源特征,并通过线性混合模型确定水源贡献比,探讨喀斯特小生境植物水分利用对石漠化过程的适应与响应。结果表明:多数情况下,研究区不同小生境内各植物种在雨季同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,对土壤水的利用比例大于表层岩溶带水。各植物种对表层岩溶带水的利用比例随着石漠化的进行而减小。常绿灌木火棘、鼠李和烟管荚蒾在轻度、无石漠化样地同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,但在中、强度石漠化则多利用土壤水,落叶小乔木圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥在无石漠化同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,而在轻度石漠化样地仅利用土壤水,这跟不同样地植被类型、干扰方式、土壤情况及裂隙发育等不同有关。     

利用铅同位素方法量化不同端元源对南京土壤和长江下游悬浮物铅富集的影响

环境中铅污染及其地球化学行为关系到生态环境安全和人类健康.利用地球化学同位素方法研究长江下游典型地区土壤和河流悬浮物中铅富集特征和成因,量化不同端元源对铅富集的影响,对于环境科学发展以及铅污染治理具有重要促进意义.结果表明,南京城区表层土壤和长江下游悬浮物中的铅相对于当地背景土壤呈现出富集特征.土壤和悬浮物的铅同位素相对于自然端元具有较高的206Pb/207Pb和较低的208Pb/206Pb比值,为受到了人为铅输入影响的缘故.铅同位素地球化学端元识别模型估算表明,南京市区土壤中的铅有18%~56%(平均35%)来自人为端元源,而长江下游悬浮物样品中铅的人为端元源贡献率为22%~46%(平均32%).     

Assessment of the sources and transformations of nitrogen in a plain river network region using a stable isotope approach

The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen(N)processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate(NO-3) sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium(NH+4-N) concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors(ε) during NH+4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ18O and δ15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ15N and δ18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH+4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.     

多种方法识别青岛大沽河平原区地下水硝酸盐污染来源

硝酸盐是地下水中最常见的一种污染物,其来源的确定对于硝酸盐污染的治理非常重要.大沽河是山东半岛主要河流之一,其地下水含水层是重要的饮用水来源,但近年硝酸盐含量普遍很高,除了少数位置外,都超过了中华人民共和国国家标准,有必要对其污染来源进行研究.采用N同位素、N-O同位素和卤化物比率3种方法综合确定了硝酸盐污染来源.研究发现:该区地下水的N同位素比率值表明76%的取样点的硝酸盐来源与粪肥、污水、大气沉降、化肥和土壤N有关;氮氧同位素的结果显示80%的硝酸盐污染源为粪便或污水;卤化物比率也证明了这一来源.这和该区蔬菜生产大量施用粪肥和化肥进行农业种植是一致的,两者的混合施用使同位素比率和卤化物比率偏高,硝酸盐的主要污染来源是化肥和粪肥.多种方法相结合能够更准确地确定地下水硝酸盐的污染来源.     

基于同位素证据的夏季风水汽影响区域分界

以影响我国大陆干湿状况的孟加拉湾和南海两股水汽的疑似交界影响区域之一的云南省、广西壮族自治区为研究区,借助稳定性同位素质谱仪MAT253测定2014年16个点、239个有效样本的雨季大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素组成,完成了基于GIS平台的δD、δ18O空间格局分析,实现了中国夏季风西南水汽和东南水汽的交互区域界定。主要研究结果有三点:(1)2014年雨季及6月中下旬一次降水过程δD和δ18O空间变化格局基本一致,因为夏季风大气降水δD和δ18O均沿水汽输送路径不断衰减;(2)大气降水氢氧稳定同位素空间分布主要受降雨量效应和大陆效应的影响,哀牢山高大地形阻隔及云南高原正地形水汽截留作用可能是其数值发生突变的主要原因;(3)2014年夏季的西南水汽在越过哀牢山后与东南水汽在红河、个旧、蒙自附近交互影响使δD和δ18O发生显著变化,6月中下旬一次降水过程中的氢氧同位素数值在红河、个旧附近达到最低,两者互为验证红河、个旧应该是西南水汽和东南水汽影响区域分界。     

Hydrogen, carbon and sulphur isotope ratios in peat: the role of diagenessis and water regimes in reconstruction of past climates

We demonstrate that carbon, hydrogen and sulphur isotope ratios both, in the total peat (¹³C_tp=–25.52 to –28.27, D_tp=–78.67 and –109.24, ³⁴S=4.35 to 19.87), and in cellulose from the peat (¹³C_nc=–25.06 to –27.33 and D_nc=–92.43 to –118.02) are not affected by postdepositional changes. Therefore, the original isotope composition of plants are in general preserved in the peat and represent an archive of the past environmental variations. These can be supported by (i) good correlations between ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc, and between D_tp and D_nc, (ii) high horizontal homogeneity of ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc in the scale of one peat-bog – the same major factor(s) control(s) C isotopic ratios, (iii) no correlation between organic sulphur concentrations and ³⁴S value –³⁴S results from variations in the water level.This revised version was published online January 2005 with corrections to the title.     

The emergence of stable isotopes in environmental and forensic geochemistry studies: a review

In the past decade, environmental forensics has emerged as a discipline directed toward determining parties liable for causing spills of contaminants into the environment. Such investigations, while geared toward determining the guilty parties in order to recover costs of the cleanup and remediation, require various questions to be addressed. These include determination of the nature of the product; Where did it come from?; Extent of weathering, if any; How long has it been there?; and Is it degrading naturally? Traditionally, these studies have been addressed through utilization of techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, in recent years, stable isotopes, primarily determined through the use of combined gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS), have emerged as an equally important tool in environmental forensics. For relatively low molecular, volatile compounds such as MTBE, BTEX, or chlorinated solvents, the isotopes, primarily carbon and hydrogen, have been used extensively for evaluating the onset of natural attenuation. For larger molecules such as PCBs or PAHs, in which the effects of biodegradation on the isotope composition of these molecules is minimal, the isotopic fingerprints of the individual compounds can be used for correlation purposes. In this paper, a brief introduction to isotope geochemistry will be given, followed by a review of applications of stable isotopes to a variety of environmental problems. While the review may not necessarily be exhaustive, it will provide a comprehensive overview of areas where isotopes have been used and potential applications for the future. Most of the review is concerned with carbon and hydrogen isotopes, although a brief overview of the emerging area of chlorine isotopes will also be discussed.     

A Preliminary Study on Soil–Gas Radon Geochemistry According to Different Bedrock Geology in Korea

Three study areas of Kwanak campus (Seoul National University), Boeun (Choongbuk) and Gapyung (Kyonggi) were selected and classified according to their bedrock types in order to investigate soil–gas radon concentrations. The mean values of radon concentrations decreased in the order of Gapyung (40BqL^–1) > Kwanak campus (30BqL^–1) > Boeun (22BqL^–1), and decreased in the order of granite gneiss > banded gneiss > granite > black slate–shale > mica schist > shale–limestone > phyllite schist according to bed rock types. Variation in radon emanation with water content in soils and with soil grain size was assessed by the modified Morse (1976) 3min method. Soil–gas radon concentrations increased with increasing water content in the range of less than about 6–16wt.%, but decreased above 6–16wt.%. Radon concentrations also increased with decreasing soil grain size. Radioactivity analysis of radionuclides of ²³⁸U series in some soil samples indicated their possible radioactive disequilibrium between ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U due to the differing geochemical behaviour of intermediate radionuclides. Thus, a radioactive isotope geochemical approach should be necessary for soil–gas radon study.