Important organic matter sources and trophic pathways for the nutrition of Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) and Valamugil buchanani (Bleeker, 1853) in Pangani macro-tidal estuary,Tanzania

The study investigated the spatial variation in the main sources of organic matter (OM) and trophic pathways for zooplanktivorous Hilsa kelee and phytodetritivorous Valamugil buchanani in fresh-water-influenced zone versus sea-water-dominated zone of Pangani estuary. The findings indicated significant inter-specific variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values (ANOVA, F?≥?84.3, p?F?≥?9.4, p?=?0.001) in both estuarine zones. Results also showed significant zonal-intraspecific variations in stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), FA profile and marginal differences in diet for the V. buchanani while no considerable differences were observed for H. kelee from two estuarine zones. The isotope mixing models and FA biomarkers revealed that the most important carbon sources to the nutrition of H. kelee were derived from microphytobenthos, macro-algae and sea grasses transferred through phytoplankton and detrital trophic pathways. In contrast, C₃ terrestrial plants and microphytobenthos were the main carbon source to the diet of V. buchanani; and were transferred via the benthic and detrital trophic pathways. Therefore, both terrestrial and in-situ OM sources were the main trophic resources base fuelling the planktonic and benthic food webs in Pangani estuary.     

升金湖河湖交汇区地表-地下水水化学特征及成因分析

以升金湖河湖交汇区为研究区,测试不同类型水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,分析其季节变化特征,探究地表-地下水中化学离子来源,最后估算混合水源对地下水中化学离子的贡献量.结果表明：①研究区地表-地下水主要离子浓度均高于大气降水,理化参数呈现季节变化特征;②地表水以Ca-HCO₃类型水为主,且在夏季占比明显高于其他季节,而地下水以Ca-HCO₃和Ca-SO₄类型水为主,占比分别为46%和27%,且季节差别不显著;③地表-地下水中Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来自于碳酸盐岩的溶解,且有碳酸和硫酸参与了碳酸盐矿物溶解的过程,Na⁺和Cl^-除来源于大气降水外,还来源于当地农业施肥和粪便污水;④水源混合也是地下水化学离子的一个重要来源,其对Cl^-的贡献率平均达到28%,且呈现季节变化趋势.     

基于多同位素的不同土地利用区域水体硝酸盐源解析

不同的土地利用类型对所在流域内的水质产生不同的影响.本研究选取典型城市河流（京杭运河杭州段）和典型山林农业区河流（余英溪）为研究对象,利用多同位素技术（δD-H₂O,δ¹⁸O-H₂O,δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）结合稳定同位素（stable isotope analysis in R,SIAR）模型,对运河和余英溪的硝酸盐来源进行了识别并计算了各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,运河和余英溪均存在不同程度的氮污染,运河以NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N为主,余英溪以NO₃^--N为主.运河和余英溪水的氢氧同位素（δD-H₂O,δ¹⁸O-H₂O）沿当地大气降水线分布,两者存在明显线性关系（R²=0.78）,表明降水是这两条河流的主要补给源.运河和余英溪水体NO₃^-的氮同位素值（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-）均小于15‰,说明这两条河流中主要存在硝化作用.部分运河水样NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-/δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值介于1.3~2.1之间且伴随着低浓度的DO和NO₂^-,可见部分运河水体存在反硝化作用.运河水样δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值（均值：6.1‰）明显高于余英溪水体δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值（均值：2.3‰）.各NO₃^-源对运河的贡献率：生活污水/粪肥（37.0%） > 土壤氮（35.7%） > 化学肥料（19.1%） > 降水（8.2%）;对余英溪的贡献率：化学肥料（46.1%） > 土壤氮（22.8%） > 降水（17.3%） > 生活污水/粪肥（13.8%）.在人类活动强度大的城市区域的河流（运河）中由于生活污水的零星排放和城市降雨径流的汇入导致生活污水/粪肥类氮源的污染明显加剧.化学肥料不可避免地成为山林农业区河流（余英溪）的主要污染源,可见农业面源污染带给所在区域水体的氮污染已非常严重.人类活动强度大的区域,降水对于水体NO₃^-的贡献降低.反硝化作用产生的同位素分馏对利用SIAR模型计算各NO₃^-源的贡献率产生不同程度的影响,其中对生活污水/粪肥和化学肥料的影响很大,对土壤氮的影响其次,对降水的影响最低.     

Biogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry of a landfill leachate plume

The biogeochemical processes were identified which improved the leachate composition in the flow direction of a landfill leachate plume (Banisveld, The Netherlands). Groundwater observation wells were placed at specific locations after delineating the leachate plume using geophysical tests to map subsurface conductivity. Redox processes were determined using the distribution of solid and soluble redox species, hydrogen concentrations, concentration of dissolved gases (N(2), Ar, and CH(4)), and stable isotopes (delta15N-NO(3), delta34S-SO(4), delta13C-CH(4), delta2H-CH(4), and delta13C of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively)). The combined application of these techniques improved the redox interpretation considerably. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased downstream in association with increasing delta13C-DOC values confirming the occurrence of degradation. Degradation of DOC was coupled to iron reduction inside the plume, while denitrification could be an important redox process at the top fringe of the plume. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope signatures of methane indicated that methane was formed inside the landfill and not in the plume. Total gas pressure exceeded hydrostatic pressure in the plume, and methane seems subject to degassing. Quantitative proof for DOC degradation under iron-reducing conditions could only be obtained if the geochemical processes cation exchange and precipitation of carbonate minerals (siderite and calcite) were considered and incorporated in an inverse geochemical model of the plume. Simulation of delta13C-DIC confirmed that precipitation of carbonate minerals happened.     

226Ra in Tap and Mineral Water and Related Health Risk in the Republic of Croatia

The presence of 226Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra content in drinking water of Croatia: tap water from the public supply system of several major towns and bottled mineral water from two selected mineral water springs. 226Ra was determined by alpha-spectrometric measurement after radiochemical separation. The radiation doses originating from drinking tap water and bottled mineral water were estimated. The annual dose from consumption of bottled mineral water was compared to that received from ingestion of public system tap water. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise.     

当代河流系统研究中稳定性同位素的应用

对天然存在的稳定碳、氮同位素在河流系统中的有机物质（POM和DOM）来源、转换、运移规律、与沿岸生态系统的关系、河口区不同来源颗粒有机质的混合过程、河流系统中富营养的污染来源和土壤中的微生物过程、系统中的营养行为和食物来源途径以及河流有机物质在陆架上的分配、积累和运移规律的应用研究作了较为系统的论述。     

Paleoenvironmental conditions in the Spanish Miocene–Pliocene boundary: isotopic analyses of Hipparion dental enamel

Expansion of C₄ grasses during Late Miocene and Early Pliocene constitutes one of the most remarkable biotic events of the Cenozoic era. The Teruel–Alfambra region (northeastern Spain) contains one of the most complete Miocene–Pliocene sequences of mammalian fossil sites in the world. In this study, stable isotope (δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁸O) analyses have been performed on the tooth enamel from the equid Hipparion from 19 localities spanning a time interval from approximately 10.9 to 2.7 Ma. This time range starts with the first appearance of this genus in Spain and ends at its extinction. An increase in δ ¹³C at about 4.2 Ma has been observed, indicative of a shift toward a more open habitat. This shift may be related to a large scale vegetation change which occurred across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary when C₄ grasses expanded. This expansion might in turn be linked to global tectonic events such as the uplift of the Himalaya and/or the closure of the Panama Isthmus. However, other more regional factors may have ultimately enhanced the trend toward more open habitats in the Western Mediterranean Basin. The Messinian Salinity Crisis was a major environmental event that may have been responsible for the isotopic changes seen in the equid Hipparion from the Iberian Peninsula along with an increase in the aridity detected ~4.6 Ma ago in the Sahara. Even though the exact factor triggering the isotopic change observed in the Hipparion enamel remains mostly unknown, this study demonstrates that the global environmental changes detected across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary are also recorded in the realm of the Iberian Peninsula. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

辽河口水体中223Ra、224Ra的RaDeCC法测定及应用

介绍了同步延时计数法,并应用其对辽河口水体中的223Ra和224Ra进行了测定,结合pH、DO、COD、叶绿素、营养盐等参数对223Ra和224Ra的放射性活度及其比值随盐度的变化和影响因素进行了讨论,继而以"镭同位素表观年龄模型"计算了辽河口水体的停留时间。结果表明:2010年4月,辽河口调查水域水体中的224Ra、223Ra随盐度变化趋势不保守,在盐度为10和26的海域出现了放射性活度高峰值,可能分别由悬浮颗粒物解吸和滨岸咸化的地下水排放等因素造成。水体停留时间随着离开河口距离的增大而增大,最大值出现在盐度为14的海域,达到8.34 d。     

区域生态环境演变的湿地沉积物纤维素同位素研究进展

湿地生态系统是极其敏感的,与环境变化紧密相关。湿地沉积物同位素在近年来的古环境恢复研究中被广泛应用,已趋向成熟,但传统的同位素载体存在一些问题难以摒除,使得运用该方法进行古环境还原经常出现偏差与不确定因素。近15年来,一种同位素研究的新载体被广泛应用-沉积物纤维素,与其他载体相比,植物纤维素具有良好的稳定性,记录了最原始的环境信息。目前,该方法的理论研究日趋成熟,并且它的提取方法近年来也得到了不断改良,实验仪器的改进也使该测量数据更加简便易行,许多学者用沉积物种提取的纤维素同位素对当地古环境与古水文学状况进行了还原,并且其他证据相吻合,证明了此方法的可靠性。但是,该方法还需要在技术手段、理论研究上进一步加深。     

长江中下游地区丰水期河、湖水氢氧同位素组成特征

稳定同位素技术在示踪水体的来源、演化及不同水体间相互转化关系、污染源已被广泛地应用.基于2018年7月对长江中下游地区长江干流河水和湖水同位素样品收集,本文分析了长江中下游地区丰水期河水和湖水中δ~(18)O和δ~2H组成特征,在此基础上进一步揭示了其空间上演化特征及其影响因素.结果表明长江干流δ~(18)O和δ~2H值自三峡库区向下游地区呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,这与降水同位素变化密切相关.在三峡库区段与宜昌-城陵矶段河水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值无显著差异,而河水d-excess值波动范围较小.在洞庭湖-江汉和华阳-鄱阳湖湖泊群中湖水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值要贫于太湖-三角洲湖泊群,且太湖-三角洲湖泊群湖水中d-excess值为负值,这主要是太湖-三角洲地区受同位素较为富集的降水和强烈的蒸发作用的影响.在淀山湖和大通湖同位素值最大,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖同位素值偏小,这主要是由于长江与鄱阳湖、洞庭湖直接相通,两湖的水情直接受制于长江影响,水位较高,鄱阳湖和洞庭湖同位素组成受长江水补给影响明显.因此,开展长江中下游河湖水同位素的调查研究,这将对充分认识于了解长江中下游地区大气降水-河水-湖水的相互联系与探讨其水资源合理利用和管理提供科学依据.