车载辐射环境巡测技术应用的探讨

简述了国内外车载辐射巡测技术应用与系统配置情况,我国各级辐射环境监测与监察机构的车载巡测技术能力现状,分析了我国车载巡测系统测试中存在的监测标准规范适用性、监测方法、校准刻度的方法和管理问题,提出环境保护部门应制定车载系统测试相关的规范和要求,建立环保系统车载系统测试和校准刻度实验室的建议。     

辐射事故应急预案的模糊综合评价

为增强辐射事故应急预案编制及修订的科学性、针对性和实用性,依据辐射事故应急预案的特点和法律法规要求,基于层次分析法构建目标层、准则层和方案层三级层次结构,提出9项准则和39项评价指标并计算权重,建立辐射事故应急预案综合评价模型及计算方法。层次分析结果表明,监测和预警、应急监测、恢复行动等3项指标在应急预案制修订过程中权重较大。应用该方法对某辐射事故应急预案实例进行评价,评价结果为一般,与实际情况相符。     

Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on fish hepatoma cells treated with mercury chloride and ionizing radiation

Organisms are exposed to natural radiations from cosmic or terrestrial origins. Furthermore the combined action of radiation with various chemicals is an inevitable feature of modern life. Radiation is known to cause cell death, mainly due to its ability to produce reactive oxygen species in cells. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is a well-known sulfhydryl-containing antioxidant whose role in radioprotection has been reported. Synergistic effects of radiation and mercury chloride on human cells was previously reported by the authors. Based on the previous report, this study was designed to assess the synergistic effects of radiation and mercury chloride on fish hepatoma cells, as well as to investigate the protective effects of NAC on the cells. The cytotoxicity of radiation was enhanced in the presence of mercury chloride. NAC in lower concentrations prevented cells from death after irradiation with lower doses (<300 Gy) while it did not prevent cells from radiation-induced death after irradiation with higher doses (300, 500 Gy). The intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased after irradiation while the combined treatment of NAC and radiation alleviated the decrease in the GSH levels. The investigations give a clue for the action mechanism of synergistic or protective effects of NAC on the cells. Due to their high resistance to ionizing radiation, the PLHC-1 cells can be effectively used as a screening tool for assessing the combined effects of radiation with toxic chemicals.     

Evidence for selection in response to radiation exposure: Pinus sylvestris in the Chernobyl exclusion zone

Changes of genetic structures due to viability selection are likely to occur in populations exposed to rapidly and extremely changing environmental conditions after catastrophic events. However, very little is known about the extent of selective responses and in particular the proportion of the genome involved in putatively adaptive reactions for non-model plants. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in order to investigate genetic differences between pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees which were partially exposed to extreme environmental conditions. Genetic variation patterns of pines exposed to high radiation in the Chernobyl exclusion zone with or without phenotypic stress symptoms were compared to control trees with a similar origin. Six percent of the investigated loci (15 of 222 loci) were identified as candidates for selective responses. Moderate differentiation was observed between groups of trees showing either weak or strong phenotypic responses to high radiation levels.     

大空间建筑火灾中火焰辐射对无保护钢构件升温的影响

大空间建筑的空间尺度变化范围较大,当空间尺度变化时火焰对壁面或构件的热辐射变化也较大,正确预测火焰辐射对构件升温的影响,是准确计算火灾场景中构件升温的一个重要环节。在计算假定条件下,通过分析外界与构件之间的热量交换以及影响火焰辐射的因素,导出考虑火焰辐射影响的构件净吸热量计算公式,将构件净吸热量计算公式导入基于集总热容法的热平衡方程中,得到构件升温的数值解,从而定量确定火焰辐射对钢构件升温影响的,临界角系数,为简化钢构件升温计算奠定基础,使钢构件升温计算既准确反映火灾中构件的升温历程,又方便实用。     

辽宁省移动通信基站电磁辐射污染状况分析

通过对辽宁省移动通信基站的调查 ,对全省移动通讯基站的监测和分析从环保角度指出了基站建设中存在的主要矛盾 ,明确其对周围环境可能造成的影响 ,提出了今后基站建设中应注意的问题     

上海地面紫外线辐射强度的监测

报道了上海地区１９９５－１９９６年地面紫外线辐射强度监测结果，紫外线辐射强度的最大值出现在７，８月份，总体上呈现出夏季－秋季－春季－冬季的趋势，一天中的紫外线辐射强度变化情况是在１２：００－１３：００时出现最高值。     

Decommissioning a phosphoric acid production plant: a radiological protection case study

During a preliminary survey at the area of an abandoned fertilizer plant, increased levels of radioactivity were measured at places, buildings, constructions and materials. The extent of the contamination was determined and the affected areas were characterized as controlled areas. After the quantitative and qualitative determination of the contaminated materials, the decontamination was planned and performed step by step: the contaminated materials were categorized according to their physical characteristics (scrap metals, plastic pipes, scales and residues, building materials, etc) and according to their level of radioactivity. Depending on the material type, different decontamination and disposal options were proposed; the most appropriate technique was chosen taking into account apart from technical issues, the legal framework, radiation protection issues, the opinion of the local authorities involved as well as the owner’s wish. After taking away the biggest amount of the contaminated materials, an iterative process consisting of surveys and decontamination actions was performed in order to remove the residual traces of contamination from the area. During the final survey, no residual surface contamination was detected; some sparsely distributed low level contaminated materials deeply immersed into the soil were found and removed.     

Gamma radiation measurements and dose rates in commercially-used natural tiling rocks (granites)

The gamma radiation in samples of a variety of natural tiling rocks (granites) imported in Cyprus for use in the building industry was measured, employing high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. The rock samples were pulverised, sealed in 1-l plastic Marinelli beakers, and measured in the laboratory with an accumulating time between 10 and 14 h each. From the measured gamma-ray spectra, activity concentrations were determined for (232)Th (range from 1 to 906 Bq kg(-1)), (238)U (from 1 to 588 Bq kg(-1)) and (40)K (from 50 to 1606 Bq kg(-1)). The total absorbed dose rates in air calculated from the concentrations of the three radionuclides ranged from 7 to 1209 nGy h(-1) for full utilization of the materials, from 4 to 605 nGy h(-1) for half utilization and from 2 to 302 nGy h(-1) for one quarter utilization. The total effective dose rates per person indoors were determined to be between 0.02 and 2.97 mSv y(-1) for half utilization of the materials. Applying dose criteria recently recommended by the EU for superficial materials, 25 of the samples meet the exemption dose limit of 0.3 mSv y(-1), two of them meet the upper dose limit of 1 mSv y(-1) and only one clearly exceeds this limit.