外源硝态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N2O排放的影响

为明确外源硝态氮添加对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N₂O排放的影响,应用室内冰柜模拟土壤冻结过程,研究在室温-冻结过程中硝态氮添加(0、80、200和500 mg/kg)对3种典型耕作土壤(黑土、潮土和黄土)N₂O排放影响的特征. 结果表明:外源硝态氮的添加促进了黑土和潮土的N₂O排放,在200 mg/kg硝态氮添加处理下,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量比CK(对照)分别增加了849%和676%;但在添加高浓度(500 mg/kg)硝态氮时,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量分别比200 mg/kg处理降低39.3%和21.2%,表现为显著抑制. 随冻结过程的进行,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量均逐渐降低并接近零排放. 黄土N₂O排放通量在室温-冻结过程中变化范围很小,甚至出现负排放. 多因素方差分析结果表明,土壤类型显著影响N₂O累计排放量,而土壤pH和C/N是其中重要的影响因子. 根据室内培养试验结果,为减排N₂O,建议在深秋整地施肥时期尽量避免在潮土和黑土中施用硝态氮肥. 黄土的N₂O排放似乎对外源硝态氮的添加反应不明显,这有待在大田气候-植物-土壤综合条件下进一步验证.      

红壤丘陵脆弱生态环境的形成与整治对策

通过对我国东南部红壤丘陵区生态状况的历史回顾，分析了该区脆弱生态环境形成的主要原因，提出其整治应采取的生态、经济、社会诸方面的综合措施。     

Nutritional evaluation,bioaccumulation and toxicological assessment of heavy metals in edible fruits of FicussurForssk (Moraceae)

Ficussur (Moraceae) is an indigenous medicinal plant with a wide distribution in Africa. In this study, the nutritional potential fruit of this indigenous plant to meet domestic food demands and reduce food insecurity in KwaZulu-Natal. South Africa, was investigated. The proximate composition and concentrations of metals in the edible fruits collected from eight different sites in KwaZulu-Natal were determined to assess for nutritional value and the concentrations of metals in the growth soil was determined to evaluate the impact of soil quality on elemental uptake. The fruits contained high levels of moisture (88.8%) and carbohydrates (65.6%). The concentrations of elements in the fruits were found to be in decreasing order of Ca>Mg >Fe >Zn>Cu >Mn> Se with low levels of toxic metals (As, Cd, Co and Pb). This study shows that the consumption of the fruits of F. sur can contribute positively to the nutritional needs of rural communities in South Africa for most essential nutrients without posing the risk of adverse health effects.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.     

淮河上游全新世黄土-土壤剖面重金属元素分布与环境变化

在野外考察研究的基础上利用X-射线荧光光谱仪测定了河南禹州全新世YPC黄土-土壤剖面Zn、Cu、Co、Ni、Nb、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ti重金属元素的含量及其变化,研究表明在黄土堆积期,重金属元素的含量都很低,变化幅度也很小,可作为衡量古土壤层成壤改造的背景值.在全新世古土壤和现代表土中这些元素含量却大大增加,说明在温暖湿润的时期,成壤改造使易溶易迁移元素的淋失导致重金属元素的相对富集.而Pb含量从8cm深度处向上急剧增加,增幅达60%,这是大气污染物沉降积累的客观记录.     

焦化厂PAHs污染土壤中微生物群落多样性特征

土壤中微生物在多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解过程中起着重要作用。以华北某焦化厂土壤为研究对象,在5个采样点(每个点分6层)采集30个土壤样品,分析土壤环境因子(理化性质和PAHs浓度)、微生物丰度及群落结构,探讨土壤中微生物组成与环境因子间的关系。结果表明:土壤中细菌丰度为5.33~8.89,与土壤深度呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤PAHs、有机碳、全氮浓度呈正相关(P<0.05);土壤中优势细菌类群(门)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其相对丰度占比最高达90%,其次是绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),其占门水平分类细菌数量的64%~97%;细菌类群与环境因子冗余分析表明,焦化厂土壤中细菌群落结构特征是PAHs污染和环境因子共同作用的结果,其中土壤pH与速效钾、PAHs、全氮浓度对土壤细菌群落组成影响明显,PAHs潜在降解菌Proteobacteria丰度与PAHs、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机碳浓度呈正相关。     

热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性

采用Hedley的磷素分级方法研究热带胶园土壤磷的形态,结果表明、热带胶园土壤磷主要以ResidualP、NaOH－Po和NaOH－Pi形态存在;各种形态磷的损失质量分数均高于38％;其中ResidualP和NaOH－Po的损失量最高,分别占全磷损失量的52％和16％,它们是长期耕作条件下热带胶园土壤磷两种最重要的有效磷源。     

微波消解－ICP－MS法测定土壤中稀土元素的研究

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ ICP－MS）测定土壤中稀土元素的分析方法。采用HNO3＋HF酸体系用微波消解对土壤样品进行处理,以混合内标（ In、Bi）校正基体干扰和信号漂移,用ICP－MS对其中的16种稀土元素进行了测定。在优化的实验条件下,16种稀土元素标准曲线的相关系数r＞0．9999,检出限为0.012 ng／ml～0.069 ng／ml,加标回收率为84.0％～110％,相对标准偏差（n＝6）RSD均小于3.5％。该方法可用于四种不同类型土壤中稀土元素含量的测定。     

土壤污染对地下水影响的2种评估方法的应用与比较

以某含1,2-二氯乙烷等10种有机物污染土壤回填项目为例,介绍了2种方法(三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型和Sesoil耦合地下水稀释模型)在评估土壤污染对地下水影响中的具体应用并进行了比较. 结果表明,采用US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)推荐的三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型预测的地下水中目标污染物浓度高于新泽西州推荐的Sesoil耦合地下水稀释模型的3~10倍,污染物亨利常数及碳水分配系数越高,二者的差异越明显,达到1个数量级. 对于多环芳烃类的强疏水性有机污染物,2种方法的评估结论无本质差异. 出于保守性及调查成本的考虑,在制订国家或区域范围基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值时,建议采用所需参数相对较少的三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型的方法,以节约调查成本. 对于具体评估项目,当污染物浓度超过通用筛选值时,建议进一步对场地水文地质条件进行调查,采用Sesoil耦合地下水稀释模型重新评估并计算该特定场地的筛选值,以节约修复成本.      

不同国家基于健康风险的土壤环境基准比较研究与启示

20世纪90年代以来,许多发达国家颁布了基于健康风险的土壤环境标准及基准背景技术文件,为发展中国家启动标准制订和开展基准研究提供了重要的方法学参考.然而,由于各国在环境立法框架、基准推导过程、环境气候特征、土壤类型、人群生活方式与习惯等方面的不同,导致其基准名称、基准功能、保护受体以及基准取值等存在较大的差异.本文在综述基于健康风险的土壤环境基准科学内涵与基本特征的基础上,对不同国家场地土壤环境基准的名称、功能及基准值的差异进行了比较研究,从土地利用类型划分、暴露情景和暴露途径设定、致癌物可接受风险水平选择以及人体暴露参数确定等4个方面,对不同国家制定场地土壤环境基准的关键技术和影响因素进行了总结分析,探讨了借鉴国外经验考虑区域差异制定我国土壤环境基准的对策与方略,并指出了当前我国制定场地土壤环境基准和标准面临的困难和挑战.