Digital Air Photo Processing for Mapping of Copper Roof Distribution and Estimation of Related Copper Pollution

Emission of metals in the urbanenvironment is a growing concern throughout theworld. In order to identify metal emissionssources in the Stockholm metropolitan region, amethod for detailed mapping of roof coatings andother urban land covers has been developedconducted. High accuracy area calculation ofcopper roof coatings based on scanned aerialphotography was used. The geometric resolution ofthe digital photographs was 0.4 metre. Imagelayers with identified copper roof objects weremerged with a digital elevation model of 1 metregeometric resolution. The slope gradient for eachroof was calculated in order to account for slopein the calculation of roof areas. In total,622,590 m² of copper roofs were accounted,of which 176,845 m² and 447,745 m²represent new and patinated copper respectively.The number of copper roofs larger than 1,000m² was 142. Applying corrosion and runoffrates on these figures, a yearly Cu flux ofapproximately 1,200 kg in Stockholm may bederived from copper coated building.     

Radon: exploring the log-normal mystery

The term “log-normal mysticism” has been coined by Tóth et al. (2006) for the so far unexplained observation that indoor radon concentration data from geographical surveys very often appear to be quite accurately log-normally distributed. In this contribution, I try to verify the statement with the dataset of the Austrian indoor radon survey and data from the ongoing European indoor radon mapping project. It appears that, with some limitations, an approximate log-normality is present for a large scale of spatial ranges. Investigation of the frequency of outliers points to the systematic presence of a “fat tail” in Rn frequency distribution, i.e. of extremes which disturb log-normality. “Local log-normality”, i.e. within a neighbourhood, possibly restricted to geological units, is an important assumption in certain radon mapping approaches.     

Public Participation and Local Environmental Planning: The collective action problem and the potential of social capital

Expanding the opportunities for public participation in environmental planning is not always the best option. Starting from an institutional public choice analysis of public participation in terms of the collective action problem, this paper emphasises the roots of participatory activities in the incentive structures facing potential participants. It then goes on to consider the strategies that may be adopted for encouraging greater public involvement and looks particularly to the social capital literature for suggestions of how institutional redesign may alter these incentive structures. The paper concludes by distinguishing three different modes of environmental planning, in terms of the rationale for participation, the severity of the collective action problem and the associated participatory strategy that can be adopted.     

A Framework to Develop Nationwide Flooding Extents Using Climate Models and Assess Forecast Potential for Flood Resilience

The methods used to simulate flood inundation extents can be significantly improved by high‐resolution spatial data captured over a large area. This paper presents a hydraulic analysis methodology and framework to estimate national‐level floodplain changes likely to be generated by climate change. The hydraulic analysis was performed using existing published Federal Emergency Management Agency 100‐year floodplains and estimated 100‐ and 10‐year return period peak flow discharges. The discharges were estimated using climate variables from global climate models for two future growth scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5. River channel dimensions were developed based on existing regional United States Geological Survey publications relating bankfull discharges with channel characteristics. Mathematic relationships for channel bankfull topwidth, depth, and side slope to contributing drainage area measured at model cross sections were developed. The proposed framework can be utilized at a national level to identify critical areas for flood risk assessment. Existing hydraulic models at these “hot spots” could be repurposed for near–real‐time flood forecasting operations. Revitalizing these models for use in simulating flood scenarios in near–real time through the use of meteorological forecasts could provide useful information for first responders of flood emergencies.     

煤层自燃火区温度检测技术的研究与应用

在煤矿自燃火区的治理过程中 ,同位素测氡法探测煤层自燃火源精确位置是火区治理的关键技术 ,而火区温度信息的采集为灭火方案及灭火参数提供可靠依据。笔者介绍了综合利用火源位置精确探测技术与火区温度探测技术的方法 ,为煤矿火区的预测预报提供了可靠的手段 ,节省大量的防灭火资金 ,提高防灭火工作效率。     

噪声地图的绘制与应用初探研究

当前噪声污染问题备受社会关注,噪声地图技术是一种直观简单的展示城市中环境噪声污染状况的方法,在城市规划、污染防治及环境保护方面发挥着越来越大的作用,噪声地图是由道路交通噪声、铁路噪声、工业噪声和机场噪声等对城市地图上每个接收点的叠加噪声值拟合图像绘制而成。本文介绍了国内外噪声地图的发展情况和应用,对噪声地图的分类、组成部分及绘制步骤进行论述,并对噪声地图的未来发展提出见解。     

RAD7测氡仪标准条件下不确定度的研究

研究RAD7测氡仪对空气中氡浓度测量的不确定度;通过标准氡室模拟不同的氡浓度,对该测氡仪在标准条件下测量的不确定度进行研究;取包含因子k=2时,在模拟的两种氡浓度情况下得到的该测氡仪不确定度分别为14.38%和14.52%;该测氡仪达到GB50325-2001中对空气中氡检测方法的测量不确定度的要求。     

利用多信息源提高半干旱地区TM影像的森林类型制图精度:以北京西部山区为例

以地处半干旱地区的北京西部山区为例,利用研究区森林类型的季相特征、已有的少部分林相图、Google Earth免费影像数据等信息选择不同坡向的相同森林类型做训练样本,通过加入其他辅助数据(海拔和坡向数据),来提高Landsat TM影像的森林类型分类精度,同时对比了基于像元和面向对象方法提取森林类型的效果。结果表明:1)就半干旱山区的森林类型划分来说,TM影像的TM4、TM5、TM4-TM2及辅助数据DEM和坡向可作为TM影像森林类型划分的最佳数据源。2)单独加入海拔信息,阔叶林的提取精度提高23%,针叶林和混交林的分类精度只提高了4%~5%;单独加入坡向信息,阔叶林的提取精度只提高21%,但是针叶林和混交林的分类精度则分别提高了13%、18%,显著优于单独加入海拔信息的效果。同时加入海拔信息和坡向信息,至少可以准确区分出约70%以上的针叶林、阔叶林和混交林。3)就本研究区而言,坡向比海拔更有效地辅助提高森林分类精度。4)就混淆矩阵数据而言,面向对象的分类方法比基于像元分类结果总体精度低3%,Kappa系数低4%,但面向对象的分类结果更加符合研究区实际情况。该研究对中分辨率影像应用于半干旱山区森林类型划分具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Implementation of the EU environmental noise directive: Lessons from the first phase of strategic noise mapping and action planning in Ireland

The first phase of noise mapping and action planning in Ireland, in accordance with EU Directive 2002/49/EC, is now complete. In total this included one agglomeration, one airport and approximately 600 km of major roads outside the agglomeration. These noise maps describe the level of noise exposure of approximately 1.25 million people. The first phase of noise mapping was dealt with by five noise mapping bodies while 26 action planning authorities were involved in the development of the associated action plans. The second phase of noise mapping, due to be completed in 2012, sees a reduction in the defined thresholds describing the required agglomerations, roads and railways that have to be mapped. This will have a significant impact on the extent of mapping required. In Ireland this will result in an increased number of local authorities being required to develop strategic noise maps for their area along with the further development of associated action plans. It is appropriate at this point to review the work process and results from the first phase of noise mapping in Ireland in order to establish areas that could be improved, throughout the noise mapping project. In this paper a review of the implementation procedures focussing on (dominant) road traffic noise is presented. It is identified that more standardisation is needed and this could be achieved by the establishment of a national expert steering group.