The consequences of land use change on nutrient exports: a regional scale assessment in south-west Victoria, Australia

Estimation of nutrient load production based on multi-temporal remotely sensed land use data for the Glenelg-Hopkins region in south-west Victoria, Australia, is discussed. Changes in land use were mapped using archived Landsat data and computerised classification techniques. Land use change has been rapid in recent history with 16% of the region transformed in the last 22 years. Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads were estimated using an export coefficient model. The analysis demonstrates an increase in modelled nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from 1980 to 2002. Whilst such increases were suspected from past anecdotal and ad-hoc evidence, our modelling estimated the magnitude of such increases and thus demonstrated the enormous potential of using remote sensing and GIS for monitoring regional scale environmental processes.     

哈尔滨市部分新装修住宅室内空气质量的检测与评价

大量含有有害物质的装修材料的应用是引起室内空气污染的主要原因之一,经过对哈尔滨市内部分新装修住宅室内空气污染状况调查后发现,游离甲醛和总挥发性有机物均存在不同比例的超标现象。本文采用客观指数评价方法对新装修住宅的室内空气质量进行了评价,评价结果显示,48％的住宅室内空气质量符合卫生标准。     

重庆市PM2.5浓度空间分异模拟及影响因子

基于Arcgis平台,利用土地利用回归模型模拟重庆市PM2.5浓度分布,获取了高分辨率结果图.从重庆市环保局网上获取了17个空气质量监测站点的PM2.5数据,利用16个监测点数据,结合土地利用数据、路网数据、DEM数据和人口数据建立土地利用回归模型,利用剩余的1个监测点数据来对回归映射结果进行检验.按照模型设置的变量生成方法,对监测点建立多种尺度的缓冲区,提取变量数据,最终生成了56个变量.按照土地利用回归模型的设置,56个自变量最终有3个变量进入PM2.5的回归方程,模型的R2逐步增大,且最终R2为0.84,模型拟合程度非常好.回归方程中,与研究区PM2.5浓度空间分布相关性最大的因素是空气质量监测站点500 m范围内的农用地面积,然后依次是DEM和1 000 m范围内一级公路总长度,它们与PM2.5的皮尔森相关系数依次是:0.695、-0.599和0.394.回归映射检验结果显示,检验点的误差率为2.7%,误差可以接受.回归映射结果显示,PM2.5浓度以高值分布于主城区,沿一级公路分布趋势明显,与高层紧密相关,模拟结果与实际情况相符.     

基于环境效应的土壤重金属临界负荷制图

我国高速发展的工业化和城市化造成土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,威胁到生态环境和人体健康,因此重金属污染的防控与管理变得尤其重要.临界负荷是重金属风险管理的重要工具,可以用来防范重金属污染危害的发生.本文基于现状平衡、水环境效应以及健康风险这3种情形,采用稳态质量平衡模型,分别计算Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素在不同效应水平下的临界负荷值并进行制图,分析重金属临界负荷及其空间分布特征,利用长三角地区和中国的农田重金属输入通量,估算出超临界负荷的面积比例.结果表明,Cd的临界负荷值最小,Pb次之,Cu和Zn较大.研究区内各元素的临界负荷在空间上存在差异,低值区主要分布在林地,高值区零散地分布于城市东部与西南部,农田以中值区和中高值区为主.与通量监测数据比较发现,各重金属元素均出现超临界负荷现象,其中研究区90%以上面积的Pb、Zn元素均超出不同效应下的临界负荷,Cd元素主要在现状平衡与健康风险下出现超临界负荷,Cu元素在现状平衡与水环境效应下出现大面积超临界负荷.本文研究的不同效应水平下的重金属临界负荷可以作为重金属排放控制的参考,从而有效地控制重金属的排放来防止重金属污染风险的发生.     

Pilot-study on GIS-based risk modelling of a climate warming induced tertian malaria outbreak in Lower Saxony (Germany)

This project was designed to establish baseline aquatic biological community structure and physical habitat conditions in select wadeable streams within the California Central Valley. A secondary objective was to evaluate possible water quality differences between site types and seasons. Two agricultural and two urban streams were monitored in spring and fall for two consecutive years beginning in the fall of 2002. Bioassessment sampling was conducted according to modified US EPA methods. The study included physical habitat assessment, water and sediment chemical analysis and characterization of the benthic macroinvertebrate community at each site. Water samples were analyzed for selected organophosphate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides and herbicides, while sediment samples were analyzed for pyrethroids only. All sites had substantial physical habitat and water quality impairments, and the absence of pollution intolerant macroinvertebrates and dominance of pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates were indications of biological impairment. Due to the limited amount of water quality and pesticide data collected, it was not possible to definitively demonstrate any cause and effect relationships between BMI community structure and water quality or pesticide concentrations. Though most physical habitat parameters were similar and EPA physical habitat scores revealed on no significant differences between urban and agricultural sites (P? = ?0.290), a significant difference was seen in substrate embeddedness (P? = ?0.020). Dominant taxon found at all sites were chironomids, amphipods, and oligochaetes. Benthic macroinvertebrate metrics were significantly different between both types of sites (P? = ?0.001) and seasons (P? = ?0.014). Chironomidae taxon and those of the functional feeding group scrapers were greater at urban sites, while those of the functional feeding group filterers were greater at agricultural sites. In addition, the metric groups Chironomidae, filterers, and predators were found in greater numbers in the spring than the fall.     

Modelling the potential impacts of land use/cover change on terrestrial carbon stocks in north-west Morocco

Terrestrial ecosystems store more carbon (C) than the atmosphere and provide ecosystem services (ES) such as global climate regulation, by sequestering carbon within biomass and soil. Land use land cover (LULC) change is considered a key factor, playing an important role in the dynamic variations of carbon storage. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects that LULC has had on carbon stocks and consequently on climate change regulation in north-western Morocco over 21 years. To achieve this aim, the Integrated Valuation of ES and Trade-offs (InVEST) model is used to assess status and variation in the net amount of carbon stored by the different types of LULC, and the economic value of the carbon sequestered in the remaining stock. The results show that the total carbon stock increased from 4.81TgC in 1996 to 4.98TgC in 2017. Over the 21 years, the LULC changes had the greatest effect on carbon storage - an increase of 6.87% with 0.17TgC of carbon sequestered, since the majority of unused land was changed to forest and cultivated land. Based on the global costs of atmospheric carbon, we estimate the economic value of carbon storage services to be between US$1,800,000 and US$3,570,000 for the whole period, with an average yearly increment of between US$86,000 and US$170,000. The results show that the ecosystem management has had a substantial climate mitigation effect. Also, the possibility of paying for ES could inform policy on the adoption of LULC to support livelihood and management choices.     

基于生态系统服务参与式制图的“三生”空间优化建议——以白洋淀流域为例

在快速城市化流域,生产、生态和生活空间的布局深刻影响着流域的生态系统服务和居民福祉。但是,已有的空间布局研究大多未考虑生态系统服务在提升不同类型人群福祉中的作用,尤其缺乏对弱势群体福祉的关注。因此,以典型城市化流域——白洋淀流域为例,选择典型生态系统服务指标识别生活、生产和生态空间的高值重合地区,使用参与式制图方法将多种人群的福祉需求纳入主导功能识别中。结果发现：空间上重合的高值区总面积约占流域总面积的14.5%,主要为生产—生态功能重合区。不同利益群体对重合高值区主导功能的研判不同。一方面,城市居民比农村居民更加注重文化服务,前者提及文化服务的次数占比是后者的2倍;另一方面,政府决策者更多关注流域上游的生态功能,扶贫工作人员则更关注山区林地的生产功能。本文探索了将多种利益主体的偏好纳入区域空间布局优化的方法,可为流域“三生空间”和国土空间规划布局优化提供新的思路。     

Knowledge co‐production and boundary work to promote implementation of conservation plans

Knowledge co‐production and boundary work offer planners a new frame for critically designing a social process that fosters collaborative implementation of resulting plans. Knowledge co‐production involves stakeholders from diverse knowledge systems working iteratively toward common vision and action. Boundary work is a means of creating permeable knowledge boundaries that satisfy the needs of multiple social groups while guarding the functional integrity of contributing knowledge systems. Resulting products are boundary objects of mutual interest that maintain coherence across all knowledge boundaries. We examined how knowledge co‐production and boundary work can bridge the gap between planning and implementation and promote cross‐sectoral cooperation. We applied these concepts to well‐established stages in regional conservation planning within a national scale conservation planning project aimed at identifying areas for conserving rivers and wetlands of South Africa and developing an institutional environment for promoting their conservation. Knowledge co‐production occurred iteratively over 4 years in interactive stake‐holder workshops that included co‐development of national freshwater conservation goals and spatial data on freshwater biodiversity and local conservation feasibility; translation of goals into quantitative inputs that were used in Marxan to select draft priority conservation areas; review of draft priority areas; and packaging of resulting map products into an atlas and implementation manual to promote application of the priority area maps in 37 different decision‐making contexts. Knowledge co‐production stimulated dialogue and negotiation and built capacity for multi‐scale implementation beyond the project. The resulting maps and information integrated diverse knowledge types of over 450 stakeholders and represented >1000 years of collective experience. The maps provided a consistent national source of information on priority conservation areas for rivers and wetlands and have been applied in 25 of the 37 use contexts since their launch just over 3 years ago. When framed as a knowledge co‐production process supported by boundary work, regional conservation plans can be developed into valuable boundary objects that offer a tangible tool for multi‐agency cooperation around conservation. Our work provides practical guidance for promoting uptake of conservation science and contributes to an evidence base on how conservation efforts can be improved.     

Climate Change and Floodplain Delineation in Two Southern Quebec River Basins1

Laforce, Serge, Marie‐Claude Simard, Robert Leconte, and François Brissette, 2011. Climate Change and Floodplain Delineation in Two Southern Quebec River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):785‐799. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00560.x Abstract: A methodology is presented for mapping the flooded extent of rivers under projected climate change. The methodology follows a top‐down modeling approach, where future climate projections generated by global climate models (GCMs) are downscaled to the watershed scale and used as input to hydrological and hydrodynamic models for predicting future river flows and associated open water levels. A range of possible future climate responses are taken into account, allowing quantification of flood‐mapping uncertainties resulting from GCM structure and greenhouse gas emission scenarios (GHGES). Probabilistic projections of future flood zones are developed by assuming that all GCMs and GHGES be equally weighted. The proposed methodology was applied to two river basins located in southern Quebec, Canada, for the time horizons 2020 and 2080. Twenty‐ and hundred‐year floods were computed and corresponding flood maps have been produced. Results indicate that there is a general trend toward an increased spring peak discharge for the Châteauguay River Basin and a decrease for the du Nord River Basin at the 2020 horizon. A less obvious trend was observed for the 2080 horizon, some GCM‐GHGES producing an increase in spring peak flows, whereas others would result in a less severe spring flood. These uncertainties in flood flows have cascaded into uncertainties in the corresponding flooded extent and represented as probabilistic flood maps.     

A process mapping model for calculating indirect costs of workplace accidents

This article follows an earlier one in which four criteria and four bases for the development of an indirect-cost calculation model adapted to the accuracy requirements and time constraints of workplace decision-makers were established. A two-level model for calculating indirect costs using process mapping of the organizational response to a workplace accident is presented. The model is based on data collected in interviews with those employees in charge of occupational health and safety in 10 companies of various sizes in different industry sectors. This model is the first to use process mapping to establish the indirect costs of workplace accidents. The approach allows easy identification of the duration and frequency of actions taken by stakeholders when a workplace accident occurs, facilitates the collection of the information needed to calculate indirect costs and yields a usable, precise result. A simple graphic representation of an organization's accident processes helps the user understand each accident's cost components, allowing the identification and reduction of inefficiencies in the overall process. Impact on Industry: By facilitating data collection and shortening the time needed to assess indirect costs of workplace accidents, this indirect cost calculation tool is better suited for workplace use than those currently available.