城市噪声地图的发展和应用研究

作为一种国外被广泛用来评估噪声对居民的影响以及制定未来改善的工具,城市噪声地图在中国尚属于起步阶段,本文介绍了国外噪声地图发展和应用的情况以及如何建立噪声地图的有关技术,同时提出了一些关于发展噪声地图研究的建议,噪声地图的研究,不仅为城市规划和城市声环境控制提供了决策支持,同时也提供了一种与其他学科结合的途径,因此具有十分重要的意义。     

校园噪声现状分析研究——以哈尔滨工业大学(威海)为例

以哈工大(威海)为例,对校园噪声进行监测和分析,以探明当前中国大学校园噪声污染状况。结果表明,校园大部分区域的声环境处于达标水平,噪声污染主要集中在校门口、体育场和校园广场等区域,为轻度污染型,且白天比晚上的噪声污染严重,休息日的噪声明显高于工作日。校园施工产生的噪声声级较高,容易产生瞬时高分贝噪声,应采取相应的降噪、除噪措施。     

Radon remediation of a two-storey UK dwelling by active sub-slab depressurisation: effects and health implications of radon concentration distributions

Radon concentration levels in a two-storey detached single-family dwelling in Northamptonshire, UK, were monitored continuously throughout a 5-week period during which active sub-slab depressurisation remediation measures were installed. Remediation of the property was accomplished successfully, with both the mean radon levels and the diurnal variability greatly reduced both upstairs and downstairs. Following remediation, upstairs and downstairs radon concentrations were 33% and 18% of their pre-remediation values respectively: the mean downstairs radon concentration was lower than that upstairs, with pre- and post-remediation values of the upstairs/downstairs concentration ratio, R(U/D), of 0.81 and 1.51 respectively. Cross-correlation between upstairs and downstairs radon concentration time-series indicates a time-lag of the order of 1 h or less, suggesting that diffusion of soil-derived radon from downstairs to upstairs either occurs within that time frame or forms a relatively insignificant contribution to the upstairs radon level. Cross-correlation between radon concentration time-series and the corresponding time-series for local atmospheric parameters demonstrated correlation between radon concentrations and internal/external pressure difference prior to remediation; this correlation disappears following remediation. Overall, these observations provide further evidence that radon concentration levels within a dwelling are not necessarily wholly determined by the effects of soil-gas advection, and further support the suggestion that, depending on the precise content of the building materials, upstairs radon levels, in particular, may be dominated by radon exhalation from the walls of the dwelling, especially in areas of low soil-gas radon.     

Measurements of indoor radon concentrations in the Santiago de Compostela area

Galician soils are among those with the highest (222)Rn exhalation rates in Spain. A year-round study of the indoor (222)Rn concentration in buildings in the Santiago de Compostela area (Galicia, Northwest of Spain) was performed. The study is based on systematic samplings with active charcoal canisters, following a modified EPA 520/5-87-005 protocol. These measurements were complemented by others obtained using etched track dosimeters. Each data set follows a log-normal distribution, with a geometric mean of (253+/-3)Bqm(-3) for charcoal canisters and (285+/-2.5)Bqm(-3) for etched track detectors. After correcting for the different measuring conditions, the mean value of both methods differed by only 2%. A careful analysis of the seasonal dependence of our measurements did not reveal any significant seasonal variations in the (222)Rn concentration. Parallel to these measurements, different meteorological parameters were recorded, which revealed a direct correlation between the indoor radon concentration and the outdoor temperature derivative with respect to time.     

A methodology for assessing the maximum expected radon flux from soils in northern Latium (central Italy)

Northern Latium (Italy) is an area where the Rn risk rate is potentially high because of the extensive outcropping of Neogene U-rich volcanics and the presence of major active tectonic lineaments. The lack of data on Rn risk rates in that area, which is undergoing major urban and industrial development, has prompted this study. It proposes a methodology to evaluate the maximum potential diffusive Rn flux from soils based on the measurement of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K activities by γ-ray spectrometry, and the measurement of main soil parameters influencing the Rn emanation. This methodology provides a simple, reliable and low-cost tool for drawing up radon flux maps useful to both public planners and private individuals, who want to operate safely in the study area. The proposed methodology may also be applied to other geographic areas outside the prescribed study area.     

Global perspectives and future research directions for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil: A knowledge mapping analysis from 2001 to 2020

• The overall global perspective of the PHMCS field was obtained. • PHMCS research has flourished over the past two decades. • In total, 8 clusters were obtained, and many new hot topics emerged. • “Biochar,” “Drought,” “Nanoparticle,” etc., may be future hot topics. • Five future directions are proposed. In total, 9,552 documents were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection and subjected to knowledge mapping and visualization analysis for the field of phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soil (PHMCS) with CiteSpace 5.7 R3 software. The results showed that (1) the number of publications increased linearly over the studied period. The top 10 countries/regions, institutions and authors contributing to this field were exhibited. (2) Keyword co-occurrence cluster analysis revealed a total of 8 clusters, including “Bioremediation,” “Arsenic,” “Biochar,” “Oxidative stress,” “Hyperaccumulation,” “EDTA,” “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,” and “Environmental pollution” clusters (3) In total, 334 keyword bursts were obtained, and the 25 strongest, longest duration, and newest keyboard bursts were analyzed in depth. The strongest keyword burst test showed that the hottest keywords could be divided into 7 groups, i.e., “Plant bioremediation materials,” “HM types,” “Chelating amendments,” “Other improved strategies,” “Bioremediation characteristics,” “Risk assessment,” and “Other.” Almost half of the newest topics had emerged in the past 3 years, including “biochar,” “drought,” “health risk assessment,” “electrokinetic remediation,” “nanoparticle,” and “intercropping.” (4) In total, 9 knowledge base clusters were obtained in this study. The studies of Ali et al. (2013), Blaylock et al. (1997), Huang et al. (1997), van der Ent et al. (2013), Salt et al. (1995), and Salt (1998), which had both high frequencies and the strongest burst scores, have had the most profound effects on PHMCS research. Finally, future research directions were proposed.     

Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

基于声源成像的发动机模型试车噪声源分析

目的 在发动机试车噪声环境试验中,基于传声器阵列的声源成像测量方法,在近场单点测量之外,提供一种补充测量手段.方法 为验证基于传声器阵列的声源成像方法在发动机工作噪声试验研究中的有效性,通过发动机模型试车试验,设计并搭建传声器阵列,对试验噪声环境进行测量,并详细分析发动机试车中喷流噪声源特征.结果 通过声源成像分析手段获得了模型噪声源在时域和频域中的特征规律.通过声源成像云图中喷流噪声源在各个时刻的形态,能够直观反映出发动机模型工作各时刻状态.喷流噪声源在低频部分的能量比较高,声源主要分布在远离喷口的喷流下游位置处;在高频部分,声源主要分布在喷口附近.在中心频率为2000 Hz的1/3倍频程频段内,声压级最大的声源位置距离喷口最远.结论 通过试验和分析验证了声源成像在发动机模型试车噪声源分析中的可行性.     

基于显微拉曼面扫的小尺寸微塑料检测方法

由于检测方法的限制,小尺寸（<50 μm）微塑料的检测研究较少.提出一种无须挑选、能够较为准确高效识别小尺寸微塑料的方法.筛选出2种合适的过滤膜作为分离和分析微塑料所用基底,使用显微拉曼光谱的面扫模式对5种常见的微塑料进行定性和定量检测.结果表明,该方法能够将最小粒径为1μm的小尺寸微塑料从滤膜背景上识别出来,并作伪彩色图直观显示微塑料的尺寸、形状和种类.以石英砂颗粒模拟环境样品中的杂质,该方法也可排除杂质的影响,准确定位微塑料.在3种浓度梯度下,不同粒径（5~50μm）的聚苯乙烯微塑料回收率为33.3%~79.0%.