Lake variability: key factors controlling mercury concentrations in New York State fish

A 4year study surveyed 131 lakes across New York State beginning in 2003 to improve our understanding of mercury and gather information from previously untested waters. Our study focused on largemouth and smallmouth bass, walleye and yellow perch, common piscivorous fish shown to accumulate high mercury concentrations and species important to local fisheries. Fish from Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve lakes generally had higher mercury concentrations than those from lakes in other areas of the state. Variability between nearby individual lakes was observed, and could be due to differences in water chemistry, lake productivity or the abundance of wetlands in the watershed. We found the following factors impact mercury bioaccumulation: fish length, lake pH, specific conductivity, chlorophyll a, mercury concentration in the water, presence of an outlet dam and amount of contiguous wetlands.     

Ammonia in the environment: from ancient times to the present

Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context. It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few measurements, which should be a future priority.     

青藏高原降水化学研究

一般认为天然降雨呈弱酸性,但是观测显示青藏高原上拉萨及其它3个城市降水呈碱性,以重碳酸盐阳离子为主,污染物很少.通过对实测资料和试验结果的分析计算,认为地球上干旱和半干旱地区天然降水的应呈弱碱性,原因是大气中漂浮着碱性粉尘.     

顺磁共振法测定气相中OH自由基的研究

采和电子顺磁共振（ＥＰＲ）法测定气相中ＯＨ自由基的研究表明,４＝ＰＯ敢相中ＯＨ交好自旋捕集剂,得到的４－ＰＯＢＮ－ＯＨ加合物稳定性媸,样品避光保存２ｄ后,测得ＥＰＲ谱的峰形和大小不变,测得ＯＨ加合物的ＥＰＲ谱中超精细偶合常数分别为αＮ＝１．４５ｍＴ和αＨβ＝０．２２ｍＴ,除去样品溶液中微量的Ｏ２,将改善ＥＰＲ谱的峰形。还报字用这种方法对上海地区大气中采样实测得到ＯＨ加合物的ＥＰＲ谱,它与实验室模拟     

绿色化学技术在环境污染治理中的应用

介绍了绿色化学的原理、研究现状,总结了绿色化学技术的应用进展.从大气污染、水污染和固体废物3方面论述了绿色化学技术在环境污染治理中的应用情况,并提出应用绿色化学技术来解决环境污染问题是环境保护的发展方向.     

辽宁凤凰山酸雨来源研究

1993和1994年在辽宁凤凰山夏季进行了2次降水观测研究,两次都发现该地区出现了较强的酸雨,降水pH均值分别为4.71和4.54?进行了后推气流轨迹的计算,首次证明,该地区的酸雨形成明显地受到朝鲜半岛和日本的影响?由于该地区降水集中在夏季,而丹东地区夏季又盛行东南风,因此该地区酸雨形成的外部输送影响是重要因素?      

EFFECTS OF LAND COVER AND GEOLOGY ON STREAM CHEMISTRY IN WATERSHEDS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY1

ABSTRACT: We measured the base‐flow stream chemistry in all the major physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. The spatial variation of stream chemistry was closely related to differences in geology and land cover among the sampled watersheds. Some stream chemistry variables were strongly affected by geological settings in the watersheds while others were more influenced by land cover. The effects of land cover differed among chemical constituents and regions. Concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, pH, total alkalinity, and conductivity were mainly functions of carbonate bedrock, especially in the Great Valley. Nitrate‐N and total dissolved N were closely related to cropland and increased as the percentage of cropland increased. The rate of increase varied from region to region with the highest in the Piedmont. Na⁺ and Cl^? were mainly affected by the percentage of developed area in a watershed, especially in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. We observed no significant effects of region or land cover on species of phosphorus because samples were collected under base flow conditions and only dissolved forms were measured. Dissolved silicate (DSi) was not related to any other water chemistry variables. DSi increased as developed area decreased and cropland increased in the Coastal Plain, but these patterns were reversed in the Piedmont. There was no consistent pattern in the spatial variation of land cover effects on the reduced forms of N, dissolved organic P, dissolved organic matter, and K⁺.     

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in urban and rural precipitation in Germany

The use of the oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline has led to detectable concentrations in urban and rural air up to 160 ppbV. Results from MTBE measurement in precipitation have not been reported so far. In the present study, 120 samples of precipitation collected at 17 sampling locations all over Germany have been analyzed for their MTBE content. Analysis is performed by a combination of headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A 75 μm poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Carboxene fiber and a cryostat is used for SPME. The detection limit is 10 ng/l. In precipitation samples, MTBE was detected in wintertimes only with a maximum concentration of 85 ng/l. Measurement at Frankfurt/M City from 6 September 2000 to 12 March 2001 provided for 49% of the data concentrations in the range of 30–85 ng/l (n=17). Sampling in winter 2000/2001 at several German cities and rural locations showed that MTBE is more often detectable in urban (86%, n=78) than in rural (18%, n=42) precipitation. By comparing the results with corresponding temperatures and amounts of precipitation it can be concluded that the detection of MTBE in urban precipitation is observed at ambient temperatures lower than about 10–15°C. Moreover, the first precipitation after a dry period accumulates more MTBE than precipitation during or at the end of a wet period (wash-out effect). Highest concentrations occurred in snow samples. Corresponding mean air equilibrium concentrations of 0.04 ppbV (urban samples) and 0.01 ppbV (rural samples) are calculated. This is about one magnitude lower than year round and summertime measurements in the US and in Switzerland. Urban runoff (n=12) and corresponding precipitation sampling indicate that urban runoff might be composed of about 20% MTBE that is already transported by air and precipitation, whereas about 80% may be attributed to direct uptake of vehicle emissions and leakage near the road during precipitation.     

电生成羟基自由基及其对染料降解脱色的研究

以电化学循环伏安法和红外光谱分析 (IR) ,研究了茜素红及酸性铬蓝在电解槽中处理前后的电化学行为的变化 ,进一步阐明Fenton试剂的作用机制。电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Fe2+ 进行随后反应 ,生成羟基自由基 (Fenton试剂 ) ,进而对有机染料进行氧化反应 ,使其不饱和的—N＝N—双键断裂 ,分解成萘胺与氨基苯酚磺酸两个部分 ,从而达到有机染料降解、脱色的效果。测试结果表明 ,电解处理15min内 ,脱色率和COD_cr的去除率变化较大 ,电解处理 1h ,COD_cr的去除率达 80 % ,脱色率达 98%.      

A CHLORIDE BUDGET FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER,HEADWATERS TO MOUTH1

ABSTRACT Mass budgets for chloride were estimated from 1975-1978 for the Mississippi River from headwaters to near the mouth to determine the magnitudes of natural and anthropogenic sources. Annual chloride input from precipitation ranged from about 200 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Royalton, Minnesota, to about 350 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Mass export ranged from about 900 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Royalton to about 8000 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Vicksburg. As much as 80 percent of the residual, the difference between input and export, probably is contributed by anthropogenic sources. In particular, semi-logarithmic scatterplots of monthly total discharge against chloride concentration show that, during early spring, chloride elevations in the Mississippi River and Ohio River are elevated, possibly because of flushing of road salt and leaching of chloride from the accumulated snowpack.