State-By-State Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the United States 1960–2000

Time series of fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1960–2000 for each of the U.S. states and the District of Columbia are presented and discussed. Comparison of the nationally summarized results with other national datasets shows generally good agreement, usually within 2%, and gives insight into the quality of all the data series. Our extension of the state-by-state emissions estimates back to 1960 reveals patterns of change that are coherent across states and can be related to historic events such as energy crises and federal legislation. Most notable is the changing pattern of coal usage, as coal-producing states produce increasingly more energy (mostly for electricity) for other states so that per capita CO₂ emissions diverge for states that import as opposed to those that export electricity. The decline in carbon emissions from petroleum products following the 1970s is also evident. Per capita emissions range over an order of magnitude for the different states. The data suggest that differences in per capita emissions arise from differences in many technological, physical, resource, social, and economic factors. The data presented here and the few correlations briefly noted pose a challenge for trying to use per capita emissions as a measure of equity or to provide mitigation targets.     

遗传双线性模型在海洋冰情预测中的应用

提出了一套建立双线性模型（ＢＭ）的简便方案。用作者研制的加速遗传算法可同时估计ＢＭ模型各参数,成功地解决了ＢＭ建模这一难题,为ＢＭ模型的广泛应用提供了强有力的工具。实例的计算结果说明,这套方法在海洋冰情预测中是可行而有效的,通过利用预测过程中产生的残差信息进行反馈矫正,保证了ＢＭ模型高的拟合粗度和稳健的预测性能,增强了ＢＭ对复杂非线性动态系统的适应性。该方案具有一般性,在各种非线性时序动态预测中具     

多氯联苯标准样品的研制

制备了Aroclor1242,1248,1254和1260四种多氯苯标准样品，利用DB－1毛细管柱气相色谱／电子捕获检测器对样品进行了分析，根据相对保留时间确定了所分离的同系物及其百分含量。检验了各样品的均匀性和稳定性，并对样品进行了定值，计算了不确定值。国际比对结果良好。该PCBs标准样品可应用于PCBs的环境监测、污染控制、质量保证、质量控制和仪器校准等。     

On thresholds and environmental curve tensiometers

This paper considers distinctions between lognormal and mixture models. Emphasis is placed on two component mixtures where the lower valued subpopulation has a large mixing parameter. The density of this sort of mixture can be easily mistaken for a lognormal density. In order to compare such a mixture to a lognormal it is demonstrated that Galton's two parameter logmodel and Pearson's five parameternormal mixture are special, or limiting, cases of the same general mixture model. Consideration is given to the lognormal threshold parameter in order to devise a tool that can help distinguish mixtures from lognormals. Based on the threshold parameter, piloted procedures can help measure whether or not a curve is friable, in the sense that a brittle curve is better represented as a mixture than as a skewed lognormal. It is also shown that generalizations of Galton's product risk model can be represented interms of the threshold parameter Based on a tool called a curve tensiometer was designed to be applied as a graphical friability check in the ecological context of Fisher's classic Iris data and in the environmental context of a Santa Monica Bay fish consumption study.     

尿素湿法烟气脱硫动力学研究

通过对尿素湿法烟气脱硫过程动力学的研究,确定其反应级数及反应速率常数.结果表明,尿素湿法烟气脱硫过程在20℃～100℃的范围内是零级反应过程,且升高温度有利于提高烟气脱硫速率.     

水中有机物的毛细管色谱法测定

以大孔径树脂为富集剂,逆流串联富集法,一次性富集水中有机物;以毛细管气相色谱法测定了地面水、工业废水中硝基苯类、苯胺类,苯酚类等15种有机物。难分离对的分离度均大于1.5。精密度、准确度均满足气相色谱分析的要求。     

应城市农村居民点人口和用地规模预测

预测2020年应城市的农村居民点人口规模和用地规模。分别利用自然增长法、时间序列分析法和灰色系统等方法预测2020年应城市的农村人口规模;利用人均定额指标法预测2020年应城市农村居民点的用地规模。研究结果显示:(1)利用自然增长法预测2020年应城市农村人口规模为62.74万人;(2)利用时间序列分析法预测2020年应城市农村人口规模为64.4万人;(3)利用灰色系统法进行微分方程模型拟合,预测2020年应城市农村人口规模为65.48万人;(4)通过以上三种方法的预测结果比较得出2020年应城市农村人口的平均规模为64.2万人;(5)利用人均定额指标法预测2020年应城市农村居民点用地规模将达7704 hm~2。研究结论为应城市城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目开展奠定坚实基础。     

串联垂直流人工湿地去除河水中磷的效果

利用在温室内构建的串联垂直流人工湿地模拟装置,以芦苇为湿地植物,填充砾石,研究两种水力负荷(0.2和0.4 m/d)、3个串联级数、有/无植物等对处理北京市清河河水磷去除的影响,试验共持续144 d. 结果表明:①在进水ρ(TP)为0.50~1.77 mg/L(平均值为1.15 mg/L)、ρ(DTP)为0.41~1.53 mg/L(平均值为0.9 mg/L)的条件下,TP去除率随进水ρ(TP)的升高而升高. ②水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有、无植物3级串联系统磷的去除率分别为38.36%、26.85%;水力负荷为0.4 m/d时,分别为32.42%,23.99%,说明低水力负荷与有植物的条件利于除磷. ③有植物3级串联系统TP去除率平均值为38.36%,大于2级串联系统(28.30%);无植物3级串联系TP去除率平均值为26.85%,大于2级串联系统(21.81%)和1级串联系统(14.98%),串联级数增加,磷去除率升高. 研究显示,水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有植物3级串联系统的TP去除率最高.      

An analysis of variables influencing the material composition of automobiles

The use of materials is studied broadly, because of the environmental problems related to extraction, production, consumption and waste treatment. The use and substitution of materials in products is therefore a relevant issue for environmental policy making. Studies have been done to describe the material flow or to measure the impact of materials or products on the environment. However, these studies do not often consider economic, substitution and dynamic aspects of material flows. Other studies on material flows analyse the relationship between the use of materials and economic growth, but they do not consider substitution between materials. For environmental policy making economic, technological and environmental aspects of the use of materials need to be considered. Especially, substitution of materials is important. In various countries material and product policies are imposed on a variety of materials and products. For evaluation of these policies their environmental and economic effects need to be examined in detail. This study aims to analyse the economic and technological factors influencing the use of materials and the substitution between different materials dynamically. The goal is to obtain an insight in the effect that material levies may have on the use and substitution of materials. The statistical analysis is performed on a specific product-group because decisions on the use of materials are taken on a product-level. The case study is performed on automobiles. The results show that the material use is largely an autonomous development. The price of aluminium has a positive, significant effect on the use of that material. The price of plastics has a positive, but not significant effect on the use of plastics. Reasons may be that the costs of a raw material are small relative to the processing costs, and that the production process can only be changed slowly. Other factors, like competitiveness and consumers' tastes, may be more important for substitution. This implies that levies or subsidies on certain materials is not a promising policy to change the use of materials. Besides time, there are two other factors that have a positive and significant relationship with the use of aluminium and plastics: the fuel efficiency, which is the distance driven divided by the energy used; and, the road tax, which depends on the weight of a car. However, these effects are caused by their positive relationship with time. The main conclusion of the case study is that imposing a levy on materials may not have the desired or expected effect of reduction in material use.