近52a长江中下游地区极端降水的时空变化特征

长江中下游地区是我国主要农业区,同时也是降水异常,洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区之一,对长江中下游地区极端降水变化的研究,可以为该区农业生产及防洪减灾提供参考依据。利用1961~2012年间的长江中下游地区84个站点的逐日降水观测资料,基于年最大日降水(AM)序列与超门限峰值降水(POT)序列,通过滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验法、线性倾向估计等方法,分析了该地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区近52a来极端降水量呈现为较明显的增加趋势,且极端降水量速率为9.3mm/10a,存在较为明显的年代际波动变化特征,1990年以后进入极端降水量偏多的时期;(2)AM与POT序列多年平均值大值主要分布在江西省大部、湖北东南部以及安徽南部;AM与POT序列多年标准差大值主要分布江西东南部与北部,湖北东南部以及湖南西北部;AM序列多年平均值与标准差均高于POT序列,AM序列年际间振幅要明显强于POT序列,极端降水年际变化幅度大于年内变化;(3)长江中下游沿岸地区年最大日降水量主要表现为增加趋势,长江以北的西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势;长江沿岸地区以及中东部地区的极端降水量主要表现为增加趋势,西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势。     

Comparison of Measured and MM5 Modeled Meteorology Data for Simulating Flow in a Mountain Watershed1

Herr, Joel W., Krish Vijayaraghavan, and Eladio Knipping, 2010. Comparison of Measured and MM5 Modeled Meteorology Data for Simulating Flow in a Mountain Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1255–1263. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00489.x Abstract: Accurate simulation of time-varying flow in a river system depends on the quality of meteorology inputs. The density of meteorology measurement stations can be insufficient to capture spatial heterogeneity of precipitation, especially in mountainous areas. The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF) model was applied to the Catawba River watershed of North and South Carolina to simulate flow and water quality in rivers and a series of 11 reservoirs. WARMF was linked with the AMSTERDAM air model to analyze the water quality benefit from reduced atmospheric emissions. The linkage requires accurate simulation of meteorology for all seasons and for all types of precipitation events. WARMF was driven by the mesoscale meteorology model MM5 processed by the Meteorology Chemistry Interface Processor, which provides greater spatial density but less accuracy than meteorology stations. WARMF was also run with measured data from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) to compare the performance of the watershed model using measured data vs. modeled meteorology as input. A one year simulation using MM5 modeled meteorology performed better overall than the simulation using NCDC data for the volumetric water balance measure used for calibration, but MM5 represented precipitation from a dissipated hurricane poorly, which propagated into errors of simulated flow.     

曲线回归与傅里叶级数组合方法在瓦斯抽采量预测中的应用

为解决瓦斯抽采量的预测问题,针对瓦斯抽采量随时间的变化波动性较大的特点,用曲线回归和傅里叶级数组合方法,建立关于瓦斯抽采量的预测模型。首先采用基于最小二乘原理的曲线回归研究瓦斯抽采量总体趋势,得到回归方程。将瓦斯抽采量观测值与曲线回归结果相减,可得瓦斯抽采量各实测值在回归曲线上的波动值。采用Fourier级数分析该波动规律,得到其Fourier级数方程,将回归方程与Fourier级数方程相加即可完成预测模型的建立。研究结果表明,将此模型应用到某矿瓦斯抽采量预测分析中,预测结果精确度可达到98.39%。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

连续光源火焰原子吸收法测定土壤速效钾

采用连续光源原子吸收光谱仪原子吸收法，选择404nm为测定波长，检测国家土壤标准样品的速效钾。结果表明，该方法检测结果准确度高，精密度好，测试方法快速简单。     

Variability in Population Abundance and the Classification of Extinction Risk

Abstract: Classifying species according to their risk of extinction is a common practice and underpins much conservation activity. The reliability of such classifications rests on the accuracy of threat categorizations, but very little is known about the magnitude and types of errors that might be expected. The process of risk classification involves combining information from many sources, and understanding the quality of each source is critical to evaluating the overall status of the species. One common criterion used to classify extinction risk is a decline in abundance. Because abundance is a direct measure of conservation status, counts of individuals are generally the preferred method of evaluating whether populations are declining. Using the thresholds from criterion A of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (critically endangered, decline in abundance of >80% over 10 years or 3 generations; endangered, decline in abundance of 50–80%; vulnerable, decline in abundance of 30–50%; least concern or near threatened, decline in abundance of 0–30%), we assessed 3 methods used to detect declines solely from estimates of abundance: use of just 2 estimates of abundance; use of linear regression on a time series of abundance; and use of state‐space models on a time series of abundance. We generated simulation data from empirical estimates of the typical variability in abundance and assessed the 3 methods for classification errors. The estimates of the proportion of falsely detected declines for linear regression and the state‐space models were low (maximum 3–14%), but 33–75% of small declines (30–50% over 15 years) were not detected. Ignoring uncertainty in estimates of abundance (with just 2 estimates of abundance) allowed more power to detect small declines (95%), but there was a high percentage (50%) of false detections. For all 3 methods, the proportion of declines estimated to be >80% was higher than the true proportion. Use of abundance data to detect species at risk of extinction may either fail to detect initial declines in abundance or have a high error rate.     

沙田柚系列专用肥对柚果产量和品质的影响

报道了沙田柚产区土壤养分状况、沙田柚营养需求特性和叶片与果实对营养元素吸收的季节性变化模式、沙田柚果实品质指标与各时期树体营养元素含量的相关性,以及磷肥活化剂的使用。分析了沙田柚产量和品质提高的因素。研制出了沙田柚系列专用肥,并探讨了其使用的效果和经济效益。     

近30年来湖北洪涝灾害时序特征及预测分析——基于分形与混沌理论的研究

借助分形与混沌理论,对1978-2004年湖北省洪涝灾害成灾面积时间序列进行了分析,重构了其嵌入相空间序列,计算了其关联维数和饱和嵌入维数,确定了模拟相应动力系统所需的基本变量数目;同时,通过计算Kolmogorov熵,得出了对该洪涝灾害时间序列进行预测预报的时间尺度.最后,基于R/S分形分析,对湖北省未来洪涝灾害成灾面积的发展趋势作了预测,对该省洪涝灾害成灾面积可能呈现增大趋势的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策.研究表明,该方法是一种有效的研究洪涝灾害时间序列分形特征的方法,能够客观、合理地反映洪涝灾害系统的分形特征,能为建立洪涝灾害成灾面积时间序列预报模型提供基础信息.     

Critical evaluation of approaches in setting indoor air quality guidelines and reference values

The importance of good indoor air quality for the health of the individual was recognized as long as 150 years ago and that period also saw recommendations, which essentially related to questions of ventilation and carbon dioxide. The first evaluation standards for organic and inorganic substances were laid down in the 1970s, often on an empirical basis. It was in the mid-1980s of the 20th century that a shift occurred towards systematically evaluating the results of indoor air measurements, carrying out representative environmental surveys and deriving guideline values and reference values on the basis of toxicological, epidemiological and statistical criteria. Generally speaking the indoor environment is an area which can only be assessed with difficulty since its occupants are in most cases exposed to mixtures of substances and there can be great local and temporal variations in the substance spectrum. Data are available today for a large number of substances and this makes it possible, with the aid of statistically derived reference values and toxicologically based guideline values, to make useful recommendations regarding good indoor air quality. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to evaluate reactive compounds and reaction products. What is disadvantageous, however, is the fact that different guideline values may be published for one and the same substance, whose justification and area of application are often not transparent. A guideline or reference value can only be regarded as rational when necessary and when a strategy for its verification is available.     

Establishment of control site baseline data for erosion studies using radionuclides: a case study in East Slovenia

The aim of the present study was to establish a reference site and its soil characteristics for use of fallout radionuclides in erosion studies in Slovenia. Prior to this study, no reference site and baseline data existed for Slovenia for this purpose. In the agricultural area of Gori?ko in East Slovenia, an undisturbed forest situated in Šalamenci (46°44’N, 16°7’E), was selected to establish the inventory value of fallout ¹³⁷Cs and to establish a baseline level of multi-elemental fingerprint (major, minor, trace elements including heavy metals) and naturally occurring radionuclides in soils. A total of 20 soil profiles were collected at four 10 cm depth increments for evaluation of baseline level of ¹³⁷Cs inventory. An exponential distribution for ¹³⁷Cs was found and the baseline level inventory was established at 7300 ± 2500 Bq m⁻² with a coefficient of variation of 34%. Of this mean present-day inventory, approximately 45% is due to the Chernobyl contribution.The physical degradation of soils through erosion is linked with biochemical degradation. This study introduces an approach to establishment of the naturally occurring radionuclide and elemental fingerprints baseline levels at a reference site which can provide comparative data to those from neighbouring agricultural fields for assessment of soil redistribution magnitude using fallout radionuclides. In addition, this information will be used to determine the impact of soil erosion processes and agricultural practices on soil quality and redistribution within agricultural landscapes in Slovenia.