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441.
Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive will call for new lake monitoring and management strategies. Therefore, different methods need to be tested in order to achieve reliable assessment of lake background conditions and water quality. Sediment-based techniques provide one such tool for lake management. In this work, 10 lakes, presumed to be naturally eutrophic, were investigated with a paleolimnological short core study. The aim of the study was to examine the composition of the diatom assemblages in their natural state, estimate their change over time and assess the background nutrient levels. One sediment profile from each lake was divided into six sub-samples that were analyzed for diatoms (60 samples). Diatom-based inference models were applied to reconstruct the past total phosphorus concentration and assess the eutrophication. The results indicated that all the lakes studied had already been nutrient-rich before the impact of modern agriculture. However, diatom assemblages have changed remarkably over time and total phosphorus concentrations have generally increased, so at present only two of the study lakes are close to their natural status. This suggests that naturally eutrophic lakes will probably require management actions to fulfill the new directive requirements in the future.  相似文献   
442.
文章对黑碳的基本概念、研究现状和意义、及测定方法进行了综合评述,并将辉长岩和粉晶石墨标样按不同比例配成实验标样进行黑碳测量实验,证明实验方法具有较好的可行性;对不同类型的样品进行的额外氧化实验表明其氧化损失率是各不相同的;采用化学方法测量黑色岩系岩石样品中的黑碳含量为6.5821%,通过一次性定量黑碳实验流程和平行样品分步实验,测得实验偏差为3.77%。其中HF-HCl单步处理偏差为1.99%,而K2Cr2O7氧化处理单步实验的偏差为3.11%。实验表明测量黑色岩系岩石样品中黑碳含量的化学实验方法是行之有效的。  相似文献   
443.
多环芳烃标准样品的研制   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
通过对6种多环芳烃(芴、菲、荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[ghi])标准样品的研制,系统地介绍了液体介质标准样品的研究、制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验、定值及数理统计的方法。   相似文献   
444.
Bonnin, Geoffrey M., Kazungu Maitaria, and Michael Yekta, 2011. Trends in Rainfall Exceedances in the Observed Record in Selected Areas of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6): 1173–1182. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00603.x Abstract: Semantic differences have led to a gap in the understanding of the impacts of climate change on precipitation frequency estimates. There is popular perception that heavy rainfalls have become more frequent, and that this trend will increase with global warming. Most of the literature examines this question from the point of view of climatology using definitions of “heavy,”“very heavy,” or “extreme” rainfall, which are different from those commonly used by civil engineers. This article identifies the differences in meaning used by the climate and civil engineering communities and examines trends in the observed record in the frequency of exceedances (not trends in magnitudes). Using concepts recognized as the basis for design of the Nation’s civil infrastructure, we look at trends in the number of exceedances of thresholds for a variety of precipitation frequencies and event durations used by civil engineers. We found that the estimated trends in exceedances at one‐day and multiday durations were statistically significant and increasing for the Ohio River Basin and surrounding states but the reverse was true for the Semiarid Southwest (i.e., not significant and decreasing trends). In addition, we found the magnitude of the trends was small for all but the more frequent events and also small with respect to the uncertainty associated with the precipitation frequency estimates themselves.  相似文献   
445.

Introduction

The current study explored the association between the business cycle and the incidence of workplace injuries to identify cyclically sensitive industries and the relative contribution of physical capital and labor utilization within industries.

Method

Bureau of Labor Statistics nonfatal injury rates from 1976 through 2007 were examined across five industry sectors with respect to several macroeconomic indicators. Within industries, injury associations with utilization of labor and physical capital over time were tested using time series regression methods.

Results

Pro-cyclical associations between business cycle indicators and injury incidence were observed in mining, construction, and manufacturing but not in agriculture or trade. Physical capital utilization was the highest potential contributor to injuries in mining while labor utilization was the highest potential contributor in construction. In manufacturing each effect had a similar association with injuries.

Conclusion

The incidence of workplace injury is associated with the business cycle. However, the degree of association and the mechanisms through with the business cycle affects the incidence of workplace injuries was not the same across industries.

Impact on Industry

The results suggest that firms in the construction, manufacturing, and mining industries should take additional precautionary safety measures during cyclical upturns. Potential differences among industries in the mechanisms through which the business cycle affects injury incidence suggest different protective strategies for those industries. For example, in construction, additional efforts might be undertaken to ensure workers are adequately trained and not excessively fatigued, while safety procedures continue to be followed even during boom times.  相似文献   
446.
目的 研究密闭空间条件下已知外部温度时间序列对内部实时温度的预测推理问题。方法 选取密闭空间内外温度时序预测典型场景,抽象为多变量时间序列预测问题,分析变量间的关联性和依赖性。借鉴特征融合、注意力机制、多任务模型等思路,结合物理机制与数据特征,基于长短期记忆网络基本网络单元,构建密闭空间内外温度时序预测模型,并在万宁、敦煌、漠河对某型密闭空间进行数据采样,基于三地数据集进行不同模型试验。结果 多变量模型比单变量模型具有更好性能,注意力机制对该场景没有显著性能提升,结合物理机制的模型结构设计充分考虑了变量之间的关联性和依赖性,能显著提升预测精度,双输入双输出的多变量时序预测模型具有相对最高的精度和最稳定的鲁棒性,是面向密闭空间内外温度时序预测的相对最优模型。结论 研究结论可指导密闭空间其他环境特征建模,研究思路可为其他多变量时序建模问题中变量之间的关联性、依赖性分析提供参考。  相似文献   
447.
选取5辆典型国六重型柴油车,进行基于C-WTVC的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放测试,分析了包括7种苯系物以及14种醛酮类物质的比排放量.结果表明,甲苯、苯、苯乙烯是国六重型柴油车苯系物排放的主体物质,占总量的60%~86%;而甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛是醛酮污染物的主要物质,占总量的72%~87%.在同时包含市区、市郊和高速综合工况的试验车会产生较高的苯系物和醛酮类物质的排放,苯、苯乙烯在综合工况下的比排放量分别为处于市郊工况车型的1.25倍、1.45倍,市区占比为40%的货车具有最高的甲醛比排放量20.84mg/(kW×h),有超甲醇车甲醛排放限值的风险;在市郊工况下车型的甲苯、乙醛排放平均分别为其余车型的1.65倍、2.1倍.测试车辆的臭氧潜势均值达到(249.53±10) mgO3/(kW×h).  相似文献   
448.
葛淼 《环境保护科学》1998,24(3):25-27,34
收集了中国各地用毛细管法测定的健康青年女性全血比粘度参考值,并对其与地理因素的关系进行了研究,发现海拨高度是影响健康青年女性全血比粘度参考值最主要的因素,随着海拨高度的逐渐增大,健康青年女性全血比粘度参考值也在逐渐的增大,相关性很显著,推导出了一个回归方程,可以用回归方程估算某个地区的健康青年女性全血比粘度参考值.  相似文献   
449.
Due to rapid industrialization, with high population density and constraints of land, it is expected that level of risks arising from the hazardous industries will increase in India in the coming decades. However, 30 years after the Bhopal accident (1984), except a few discrete regulations, there is as yet no integrated system for assessing and managing risks arising out of these hazardous industries in India. The gravity of aspects related to the management of industrial risk still remains crucially important. In particular, there is no standard guideline on risk analysis methodology, acceptability or tolerability criteria, nor is there an accident database or a risk reduction strategy for the areas where risk levels are already high. On top of this, there are technical and legislative gaps in the institutional framework to implement any of the above mentioned issues. With the backdrop of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the objective of this paper is therefore to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive risk assessment framework for the emerging economy of India, in order to control and/or to reduce the risk level that exists. In this context, regulations and policies pertaining to industrial risk assessment were reviewed.  相似文献   
450.
以南京2014年2月到5月的PM2.5、PM10日平均值和气象要素观测资料为例,根据Pearson相关系数和双尾检验显著性水平对其逐日时间序列进行相关性分析。结果表明:南京2014年2月到5月PM2.5、PM10与前2日质量浓度值呈正相关性,但两者与前3日、前4日质量浓度值都没有明显线性相关性;PM10较PM2.5相关性更强。在此基础上,从PM2.5、PM10成分来源等方面,阐述了该结论产生的原因。  相似文献   
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