我国北方沙尘暴及其防治初探

利用卫星遥感等资料结合我国沙尘暴灾害的情况，分析研究了我国沙尘暴的基本特征、产生原因、时间分布、空间分布、未来的发展趋势及其造成的灾害，借鉴美国等国外治理沙尘暴的经验。为我国治理沙尘暴提出初步对策建议。     

Ice Storm Damage and Early Recovery in an Old-Growth Forest

We quantified the damage causedby a major ice storm to individual trees in two1-ha permanent plots located at Mont St. Hilairein southwestern Québec, Canada. The storm, whichoccurred in January 1998, is the worst on recordin eastern North America; glaze ice on the orderof 80–100 mm accumulated at our study site. Allbut 3% of the trees (DBH 10 cm) lost at leastsome crown branches, and 35% lost more than halftheir crown. Damage to trees increased in the order: Tsuga canadensis, Betula alleghaniensis, Ostrya virginiana, Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus rubra, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, Tilia americana, and Fraxinus americana. Only 22% of the saplings and small trees (4 cm < DBH < 10 cm)escaped being broken or pinned to the ground byfalling material. Levels of damage generally weregreater in an exposed ridge top forest than in acove protected from wind. By August 1999 only53% of the trees had new shoots developing fromthe trunk or broken branches; among the moredominant canopy trees, Fagus grandifoliahad the least sprouting and Acer saccharumand Quercus rubra the most. We anticipateand will monitor both significant turnover in thetree community and some shift in composition ofthe canopy dominants.     

首都圈防沙治沙水土资源空间优化配置研究——以大兴、怀来、张北为例

首都圈是近年来北京沙尘暴天气日益严重的重要沙尘源区之一。研究区中大兴区代表的是华北平原北缘落叶阔叶林灌草丛典型区;怀来县代表的是桑干河、洋河盆地灌木草原典型区;张北县代表的是坝上高原西部干草原典型区。论文通过了解水土资源利用的变化情况,分析水土资源利用现状和存在问题;利用中国资源环境遥感数据库中的土地利用现状、中国1∶1000000土地资源图等数据,以水资源为最重要的限制因素,通过灰色线性规划模型,以防沙治沙和发展经济、实现区域可持续发展为目标,进行水土资源优化配置;结合不同区域水土资源利用的突出问题,将水土资源优化配置方案落实到空间;建立区域水土资源比较合理、有效利用的方案。大兴的重要措施是平原旱耕地转变为中覆盖度草地,怀来是陡坡地退耕,张北是提高草地的覆盖度。     

STORM DISCHARGE,LOADS, AND AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS IN NORTHWEST OHIO RIVERS, 1975–19951

ABSTRACT: A computerized technique was developed to identify storm runoff episodes and calculate storm discharges, storm loads, and storm average concentrations for each event in datasets with up to 10,000 records. This technique was applied to four watersheds within the Lake Erie drainage basin and identified between 160 and 250 runoff events in each. Storm event loads and storm event mean concentrations were calculated for each runoff event for suspended solids, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. The basic characteristics of the resulting data are described, as are systematic differences as a function of watershed size, seasonal differences, and trends over time. Many of the results of this study reflect the importance of nonpoint processes and improvements in agricultural best management practices in these watersheds.     

Sand-dust Storm,Population and Environment in Northwest China

Abstract

Sand-dust storms are the result of the integrated influences of climate, geography, society and human factors. A theoretical framework is built to explain the coherence of population growth, agriculture change and environmental degradation. On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the sand-dust storm in terms of human factors, a discussion will be given to show that these factors are internally consistent with the theoretical framework. After that, it will look at China's Agenda 21 and try to find relevant measures to reduce such large sand-dust storms happening in Northwest China and eventually make this area develop sustainably.     

杭州市余杭区典型农村暴雨径流污染特征

为探讨南方经济发达地区农村暴雨径流污染特征,选择杭州市余杭区的漕桥与蒲家头两个典型建制村,采集了屋顶、场院、农田和污水汇集口这4种下垫面的3次降雨过程中的径流水样,重点分析了氮、磷和重金属元素(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As、Pb)浓度,对比了不同下垫面3次暴雨径流中污染物的浓度差异和年污染负荷.结果表明,在漕桥暴雨径流中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为16.19、21.01、0.74、1.39和2.39 mg·L-1;在蒲家头暴雨径流汇中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为3.10、15.69、0.90、0.78和3.58 mg·L-1;暴雨径流中各重金属浓度均低于国家地表水Ⅱ类标准.与地表水标准比较,漕桥和蒲家头TP的EMC分别超出地表水Ⅴ类标准1.9倍、3.5倍,TN分别超标1.8倍、1.2倍.另外,农田下垫面中的TSS和COD年污染负荷最高.     

近49年中国北方典型强沙尘暴事件的分形特征与R/S分析

通过对1954-2002年我国北方的典型强沙尘暴事件的分形研究发现：该时间序列具有明显的分形特征。其饱和关联维数为3．34．说明要恰当描述其变化特征。进行动力系统建模，至少需要4个状态变量；该时间序列的Kolrnogorov熵近似为0．1142．说明该混沌动力系统的平均可预测时间尺度为8～9a。R／S分析表明。Huvst指数能够较好的表征我国北方典型强沙尘暴事件的发生规律，可以借此推断未来相应时间段中国北方强沙尘暴事件的变化趋势。     

MOBILITY AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF COPPER IN AN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream.     

对菏泽地区百年一遇暴雨成灾的反思

本文针对菏泽地区1993年遭遇百年一遇暴雨成灾的现实,客观地反映了灾情,分析了成灾的主要原因,并提出了防御对策。     

A TRIANGULAR MODEL OF DIMENSIONLESS RUNOFF PRODUCING RAINFALL HYETOGRAPHS IN TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: A synthetic triangular hyetograph for a large data base of Texas rainfall and runoff is needed. A hyetograph represents the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity at a point or over a watershed during a storm. Synthetic hyetographs are estimates of the expected time distribution for a design storm and principally are used in small watershed hydraulic structure design. A data base of more than 1,600 observed cumulative hyetographs that produced runoff from 91 small watersheds (generally less than about 50 km²) was used to provide statistical parameters for a simple triangular shaped hyetograph model. The model provides an estimate of the average hyetograph in dimensionless form for storm durations of 0 to 24 hours and 24 to 72 hours. As a result of this study, the authors concluded that the expected dimensionless cumulative hyetographs of 0 to 12 hour and 12 to 24 hour durations were sufficiently similar to be combined with minimal information loss. The analysis also suggests that dimensionless cumulative hyetographs are independent of the frequency level or return period of total storm depth and thus are readily used for many design applications. The two triangular hyetographs presented are intended to enhance small watershed design practice in applicable parts of Texas.