脱水污泥/松木锯末水蒸气共气化研究

以城市污水处理厂机械脱水后的污泥(含水率约为80%)和松木锯末的混合物为原料,进行了共气化制取富氢燃气的研究.同时,采用热重分析(TGA)研究了混合样品的热失重特性,并在固定床反应器上考察了不同掺混比对燃气成分、燃气产量和碳转化率的影响.TGA结果表明,随着锯末掺混比的增加,样品的失重量、最大失重率及挥发分析出特性指数增大.在固定床反应器中,脱水污泥中的水分在高温条件下形成蒸气气氛,与产生的半焦发生了蒸气气化反应.实验结果表明,最佳掺混比为40%～60%,此时氢气含量、燃气产量、碳转化率分别为40%、0.70 m3·kg-1、64.1%.此外,借助BET和SEM对残余半焦的比表面积及表面形貌特征进行了分析.     

北京地区松叶中有机卤素污染物的研究

利用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定了北京市不同“功能区”松叶中可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)的含量,结果表明,化工工业区松叶中可萃取有机氯(EOCl)含量高达40mg/g(干重),钢铁工业区的松叶含量最低(12mg/g).松叶中EOCl、可萃取有机溴(EOBr)、碘(EOI)含量顺序为EOCl>>EOBr>EOI, EOCl在总EOX中占到了97%以上.在EOCl中,有机氯农药仅占0.2%～1.9%,松叶中绝大多数EOCl为未知的.4个城市“功能区”中EOCl含量顺序为化工工业区>交通枢纽地带>居民区>钢铁工业区.城区大气中有机氯污染物主要来自化学工业和交通污染.城区松叶中EOCl的含量远高于偏远山区的样品,但两地样品中EOBr、EOI的含量无显著差异.     

松针资源开发利用-绿色素制备

本研究以松针为原料,经过一系列物理、化学过程制得天然含锌绿色素--叶绿素锌钠,测定了叶绿素锌钠盐的质量指标、吸光度、耐热性、耐光性,并对叶绿素和叶绿素锌钠的稳定性进行了比较研究.     

贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林施肥研究

采用正交设计法对贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林进行施肥试验，结果表明，施肥对林木生长具有良好的效果．至第７年，单株材积平均为对照的１３２．３％；所施元素中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ对单株材积均有很大影响，且都达到０．１以上显著水平；而施Ｐ的自第４年至第７年均有良好的反应，其中以Ｐ２的效果最好；施肥的最优化组合为Ｎ２Ｐ２Ｋ２．     

Dynamic growth model for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations in Galicia (north-western Spain)

In this study we developed a dynamic growth model for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations in Galicia (north-western Spain). The data used to develop the model were obtained from a network of permanent plots, of between 10 and 55-year-old, which the Unidade de Xestión Forestal Sostible (Sustainable Forest Management Unit) of the University of Santiago de Compostela has set up in pure plantations of this species of pine in its area of distribution in Galicia. In this model, the initial stand conditions at any point in time are defined by three state variables (number of trees per hectare, stand basal area and dominant height), and are used to estimate stand volume, classified by commercial classes, for a given projection age. The model uses three transition functions expressed as algebraic difference equations of the three corresponding state variables used to project the stand state at any point in time. In addition, the model incorporates a function for predicting initial stand basal area, which can be used to establish the starting point for the simulation. This alternative should only be used when the stand is not yet established or when no inventory data are available. Once the state variables are known for a specific moment, a distribution function is used to estimate the number of trees in each diameter class, by recovering the parameters of the Weibull function, using the moments of first and second order of the distribution (arithmetic mean diameter and variance, respectively). By using a generalized height–diameter function to estimate the height of the average tree in each diameter class, combined with a taper function that uses the above predicted diameter and height, it is then possible to estimate total or merchantable stand volume.     

广西罗城马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林碳储量及其动态变化

对广西罗城仫佬族自治县杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）桉树（Eucalyptus grandis x E.urophylla）人工林生态系统碳含量、碳储量进行了研究,结果表明：不同发育阶段马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林林下植被含碳率变化幅度为37.96%~49.03%,枯落物含碳率为41.8%～49.6%之间,马尾松幼龄林林下植被含碳率最高,2年生桉树林枯落物含碳率最小。0~60 cm土层含碳率变化幅度为0.45%～2.17%,0~20 cm土层含碳率表现为杉木〉马尾松〉桉树。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林生态系统碳储量分别为135.61、144.30、87.54 t.hm-2,马尾松和桉树人工林生态系统碳储量均表现为随林龄的增加而增加,马尾松幼龄和近熟林碳储量分别高于杉木,杉木中龄林碳储量高于马尾松中龄林。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林乔木碳储量分别占其总碳储量的43.03%、34.44%、22.92%。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林下植被碳储量表现为桉树（2.54 t.hm-2）〉杉木（1.91 t.hm-2）〉马尾松（0.89 t.hm-2）。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林枯落物碳储量分别占其总碳储量的1.64%、4.56%、1.95%。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林土壤碳储量分别为74.13、86.48、62.95 t.hm-2,杉木人工林土壤碳储量最高,桉树最小,0~20 cm土层碳储量成为土壤的主体,马尾松0~20 cm土层碳储量占其土壤总碳储量的47.03%,杉木占51.67%,桉树为42.58%。乔木和土壤碳储量成为整个森林生态系统的主要的碳储存库。     

不同基质对马尾松容器苗及其菌根的影响

以10种培养基质，对马尾松进行容器育苗研究．结果表明：以竹叶为基本材料配制基质，比纯黄心主基质培育的马尾松百日苗，干物质重增加对2％；与蛭石基质相比，增加43.9％；与松树皮基质相比，增加25.0％以松针为基本材料配制的基质效果近似于竹叶．两者对苗木生长的影响，与各处理相比较，均达到了极显著水平．培养基质理化性质与苗木生物量相关的矩阵分析表明，容器基质的客重和孔隙度对苗木生长影响最大;基质内有效养分含量，特别是磷含量的多少很重要．竹叶和松针作为基质，表现了良好的理化性质，促进了马尾松苗木早期菌极化，百日苗面根感染率分别比黄心土基质的百日苗提高12.9％和17.0％同时加快了苗木生长．     

Modeling seasonal course of carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration in response to low temperature and moisture in a boreal Scots pine ecosystem

Environmental conditions act above and below ground, and regulate carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration. The productivity of boreal forest ecosystems is strongly governed by low temperature and moisture conditions, but the understanding of various feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions is still unclear. In order to quantify the seasonal responses of vegetation to environmental factors, the seasonality of carbon and heat fluxes and the corresponding responses for temperature and moisture in air and soil were simulated by merging a process-based model (CoupModel) with detailed measurements representing various components of a forest ecosystem in Hyytiälä, southern Finland. The uncertainties in parameters, model assumptions, and measurements were identified by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). Seasonal and diurnal courses of sensible and latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ were successfully simulated for two contrasting years. Moreover, systematic increases in efficiency of photosynthesis, water uptake, and decomposition occurred from spring to summer, demonstrating the strong coupling between processes. Evapotranspiration and NEE flux both showed a strong response to soil temperature conditions via different direct and indirect ecosystem mechanisms. The rate of photosynthesis was strongly correlated with the corresponding water uptake response and the light use efficiency. With the present data and model assumptions, it was not possible to precisely distinguish the various regulating ecosystem mechanisms. Our approach proved robust for modeling the seasonal course of carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration by combining different independent measurements. It will be highly interesting to continue using long-term series data and to make additional tests of optional stomatal conductance models in order to improve our understanding of the boreal forest ecosystem in response to climate variability and environmental conditions.     

Plasticity in physiological traits in conifers: Implications for response to climate change in the western U.S.

Population variation in ecophysiological traits of four co-occurring montane conifers was measured on a large latitudinal gradient to quantitatively assess their potential for response to environmental change. White fir (Abies concolor) had the highest variability, gross photosynthetic rate (Pg), and foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content. Despite low water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (gs) of fir was the most responsive to unfavorable environmental conditions. Pinus lambertiana exhibited the least variability in Pg and WUE, and is likely to be the most vulnerable to environmental changes. Pinus ponderosa had an intermediate level of variability, and high needle growth at its higher elevational limits. Pinus Jeffreyi also had intermediate variability, but high needle growth at its southern latitudinal and lower elevational limits. The attributes used to assess tree vigor were effective in predicting population vulnerability to abiotic (drought) and biotic (herbivore) stresses.     

Effects of red‐headed pine sawfly,Neodiprion lecontei,nuclear polyhedrosis virus on rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri,and Daphnia pulex

Abstract

The effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the red‐headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnevi, were investigated. The fish were exposed to this virus by intubation and topical application and no ill‐effects were observed. Similarly, no ill‐effects were detected in Daphnia pulex when the same NPV was added to their culture medium. The materials were lyophilized, NPV‐infected sawfly larvae (normally used for insect control), lyophilized, unin‐fected larvae and purified, polyhedral inclusion bodies. On the basis of these laboratory tests, this virus, when disseminated as a biocontrol agent, should present no hazard to rainbow trout or to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex, two species frequently used in toxicity tests of chemical pesticides.