反相流动注射法测定海水中磷酸盐

建立了反相流动注射-结晶紫-磷钼杂多酸离子缔合体系测定海水中磷酸盐的方法,确立了最佳试验条件,有效解决了海水的盐度干扰问题.方法线性良好,检出限为0.1 μg/L,精密度和准确度均符合要求,且流路简单,操作方便,可用于现场自动分析.     

中国沿海海水入侵机制和变化规律的初步研究

海水入侵是沿海地带不可忽视的自然灾害之一,我国沿海大致以长江口为界,长江口以南沿海主要以海水入侵河口造成的危害为主,长江口以北沿海则以海水入侵地下含水层危害较大.本文综合分析了这两类海水入侵灾害的现状、成灾原因、时空变化规律以及今后的变化趋势,并提出减灾对策与建议.     

Assessment of heavy metals among suspended particulates and dissolved phases in Suez Canal water

The concentrations and distribution of particulate and dissolved heavy metals, viz: Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn have been determined seasonally during 2003 in water samples collected from the Suez Canal. The presented data clarifies that the metals exhibited clear differences in their distribution between particulate and dissolved forms. The concentrations of particulate metals viz: Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn were high as compared to the dissolved form. Dissolved copper showed the highest percentage of total copper rather than particulate. The particulate forms of Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn had always-higher concentrations than the dissolved forms during the course of study except at summer season. The northern part of the Suez Canal at Port Said showed mean concentrations of particulate and dissolved Cu = 1.43 and 2.10, Zn = 8.61 and 3.17, Pb = 1.72 and 1.23, Cd = 0.35 and 0.35, Fe = 23.49 and 15.83 and Mn = 2.09 and 1.82 μg/L. These high concentrations may be attributed to the high activities, particularly, loading and unloading operations at Port Said harbour, industrial effluents and domestic drainage of Port Said city. On the other hand, Sinai side could be considered as reference site, as it is almost clean without harmful outfalls, where Cu = 0.16 and 0.56, Zn = 2.14 and 0.94, Pb = 6.29 and 3.44, Cd = 0.055 and 0.088, Fe = 6.29 and 3.44 and Mn = 0.56 and 0.26 μg/L for particulate and dissolved metals respectively.     

Evaluation of the dependence of aqueous solubility of nitro compounds on temperature and salinity: a COSMO-RS simulation

The solubility in pure and saline water at various temperatures was calculated for selected nitro compounds (nitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2-nitrotoluene, 3-nitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,3-dinitrotoluene, 3,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) using the Conductor-like Screening model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). The results obtained were compared with experimental values. The COSMO-RS predictions have shown high accuracy in reproducing the trends of aqueous solubilities for both temperature and salinity. The proposed methodology was then applied to predict the aqueous solubilities of 19 nitro compounds in the temperature range of 5-50 °C in saline solutions. The salting-out parameters of the Setschenow equation were also calculated. The predicted salting-out parameters were overestimated when compared to the measured values, but these parameters can still be used for qualitative estimation of the trends.     

过氧化氢氧化-全自动石墨消解仪消解-阳极溶出伏安法测定海水中总铬

采用全自动石墨消解仪加热、在碱性条件下用过氧化氢氧化海水中的三价铬,优化了极谱法测定条件,方法检出限为0.20μg/L,加标回收率为82.8%~105%,相对标准偏差5%,且对有证标准样品测试的结果符合准确度要求。方法具有选择性好、灵敏度高、准确等特点,适用于海水中总铬的测定。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铅

研究了APDC-DDTC/CCI4体系石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中痕量Pb.在最佳务件测定海水中痕量铅与标准方法有良好的相关性(R=0.9969),统计检验表明,置信度为95%时,两方法之间没有显著差异.本法RSD%=1.1,精密度略优于标准方法,操作简便,节省时间.应用于海水中铅的分析,取得了令人满意的结果.     

海水利用排放水中典型有机氯农药的环境安全性

基于生态风险评价方法对海水淡化和直流冷却两类海水利用工程排放水中的3类典型有机氯农药进行了环境安全性分析。通过实际监测获得有机氯农药在海水利用排放水中的环境浓度;借助美国环境保护署（EPA）颁布的水质基准,获得有机氯农药在海水中的无影响浓度;采用商值法对海水利用排放水中的有机氯农药环境风险进行量化。结果表明：海水利用排放水中七氯和滴滴涕已存在环境风险,其中七氯的污染问题应尤引起重视。     

Fast preparation of the seawater accommodated fraction of heavy fuel oil by sonication

The seawater accommodated fraction (SWAF) of oil is widely used for the assessment of its toxicity. However, its preparation in the laboratory is time consuming, and results from different authors are difficult to compare as preparation methods vary. Here we describe a simple and fast set up, using sonication, to produce reproducible SWAF in the laboratory. The system was tested on heavy fuel oil placed on seawater at different salinity and temperature conditions. Maximum dissolution of the oil was achieved after 24 h, independently of both seawater salinity and temperature. Our findings are discussed in relation to the fate of the oil from the deep spill of the Prestige tanker. Changes in temperature in the open ocean are bound to have larger impact in the concentration of the SWAF than the corresponding values of sea water salinity. We anticipate that in this type of incident the highest SWAF, as the oil reaches the sea surface, should be expected in the warmest and less saline waters of the water column.     

Rate of change of bod for milk in natural sea water

As part of a project to determine the fate of contaminated milk in the marine environment (Elliott et al ., 2001), the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of unprocessed natural milk in sea water was followed in standard BOD bottles and in an open system. The best estimate for the BOD was ¨ 170,000 r mg - l m 1 although measurable effects could still be seen with dilutions up to one in a million. If incubated in the light, simulating summer conditions, the algae produced oxygen and offset some of the loss through bacterial degradation thereby reducing any slump in oxygen. There was also a "nutrient effect" where the presence of milk increased the oxygen production at low concentrations in sea water. In an open system akin to a slick being dispersed, the change in BOD was exponential after an initial activation period. The length of this activation period was greater in more concentrated mixtures of milk and sea water. These results have been utilised in a model to determine the best strategy for disposing of contaminated milk (Elliott et al ., 2001).     

有机改性膨润土对海水中石油的吸附效果及其影响因素研究

研究了有机改性膨润土对海水中柴油的吸附作用及其影响因素。结果表明,有机改性膨润土可以较好地吸附海水中的油,在温度为25℃、盐度33‰、振荡频率150r/min、pH为8的环境下,除油率可以达97%以上。该过程的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程。