海上风机可靠性评估

依据国内外相关可靠性设计标准以及IEC 61400系列风力发电机组开发标准,结合XE-5 MW海上风机设计开发,建立了整套的海上风力发电机组可靠性设计评估流程,制定了适用于海上风力发电机组工程研发的可靠性建模、可靠性分配、可靠性预计、FMECA和FTA的分析方法,并以上述可靠性设计评估流程和方法对XE-5 MW海上风机开展了可靠性定性和定量评估。     

船舶撞击下10 MW单桩基础风机动力响应特性分析

目的 探究风机在遭遇船舶撞击时的动力响应,以及不同工况下的失效模式。方法 采用 SACS 软件,建立DTU 10MW单桩基础风机的动力分析模型,并利用p-y曲线模拟桩土相互作用,计算不同撞击速度、撞击角度、风载方向作用下海上风机的动态响应,探究风机在停机工况和运行工况下的失效模式。结果 风机受风载作用时,最大机舱加速度和塔顶最大位移分别较无风载时增加了8.5%、68.1%。以5 000 t撞击船为例,风机在停机状态下,撞击速度超过2.13 m/s时,风机面临因机舱故障而引发的失效;风机在运行状态下,撞击速度超过1.88 m/s时,风机面临因挠度超过最大允许值而引发的失效。结论 有、无风载时,机舱加速度响应的差异不明显,而有风载时的塔顶位移较无风载时增长明显。根据风机在停机工况和运行工况下的失效模式,提出了相应的船舶撞击速度临界值。     

上海市绿地植被的吸热降温效益评估

城市绿地夏季高温时具有明显降温作用。但现有研究侧重降温效应观测及其影响因子解析,而对绿地降温效益与人居环境需求的空间一致性鲜有研究。以上海市为例,基于高分卫星影像与样地观测数据,采用植被蒸腾吸热经验模型评估了城市绿地夏季降温效益,并利用GIS空间分析技术量化了绿地降温效益与空气温度及人口分布的空间耦合程度。结果表明:2017年上海城市绿地面积为10.45万hm ²,夏季（6-9月）绿地植被吸热量可达8.49×10 ¹⁵ J,相当于节约夏季空调降温的经济价值为14.57亿元,其中46%和33%的绿地降温效益来自阔叶林与混交林;浦东新区、崇明区和奉贤区的绿地植被合计贡献了67%的降温效益,但虹口、黄浦、徐汇等中心城区绿地的单位面积降温效益较高。更需关注的是,绿地植被降温效益与人居环境需求表现出局部地区的空间不一致,其中28.62%的地区植被降温效益与空气温度处于低耦合状态,7.31%的地区植被降温效益与人口密度为低耦合水平,且均集中分布在中心城区。因此,重点提升中心城区绿地植被降温功能,并规划建设周边绿地降温效益的空间辐射通道,是上海城市生态空间优化的重要方向。     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

人工替代栖息地对长江口湿地的补充作用研究

利用恢复生态学和景观生态学原理构建人工替代栖息地是恢复和重建生物栖息地环境的重要手段之一,是用于滨海河口区修复或重建滩涂湿地等栖息地的一种替代方法。人工替代栖息地构建出了接近自然原貌的人工系统,创造一种湿地植被和湿地动物可以协调共存的生境,不仅可以为鸟类资源和渔业资源提供良好的栖息环境,其中多样化组合的植被群落在滨水景观、水质净化等方面也起到了重要的作用,对长江口自然湿地的恢复和自然保护区的动态管理具有不可忽视的补充作用。在迁徙鸟类重要中转驿站,珍稀或者经济鱼类的洄游通道,特殊价值的重要湿地景观格局以及水资源战略储备区域中布局人工替代栖息地,可以发挥其对长江口湿地的补充作用,使高度开放而又极为敏感的长江河口地区循着生态健康道路发展。     

基于全排列多边形图示法的生态城市评价——以上海市为例

生态城市的构建是可持续发展的必然要求,也是生态文明创建的重要内容。采用全排列多边形图示法对上海市2005~2014年的生态化程度进行综合评价,结果表明:(1)就绝对生态城市水平,2005~2014年上海市生态城市发展指数S总体上呈缓慢增长态势,但S值均介于[0.2,0.4]之间,处于较低水平,亟需加快该市生态建设步伐;(2)就相对生态城市水平,2005~2014年上海市先后经历了由低-低-中等-较高-高的变化过程,呈现不断趋好的态势;(3)2005~2014年上海市经济、社会、环境三大子系统的S值存在波动变化,总体上反映出上海市生态化程度处于较低水平。     

土地利用对上海城市绿地土壤有机碳含量格局的影响研究

以上海市4条具有城市化梯度差异的城市样带为研究对象,于2013年-2014年沿样带选取典型城市绿地进行土壤采样调查.研究区域内设置121个样点,包含7种不同的土地利用/功能区类型,采集0~15,15~30,30~50 cm深度梯度的土壤样品对土壤有机碳(SOC)含量进行测定,分析上海城市绿地SOC含量格局特征,并讨论其潜在影响因素.研究结果表明:(1)SOC含量在水平方向呈现空间异质性,城市化进程潜在影响了绿地土壤碳含量的空间格局;(2)伴随土地利用和功能区划的人为干扰作用是驱动上海城市土壤SOC储量变化的关键因素;(3)上海城市绿地土壤0~15 cm深度层的SOC含量显著大于下面两层(15~30和30~50 cm),表现出SOC含量在垂直方向上递减的规律.     

1956-2005年上海气象灾害时空变化分析

根据上海市历史气象灾害资料,对1956-2005年上海5种气象灾害的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:①从时间变化来看,气象灾害年际变化呈波动上升趋势;从各灾种来看,1956-1985年影响上海的5种气象灾害发生的次数基本均衡,而1986-2005年暴雨洪涝和大风两种灾害成为影响上海的主要气象灾害.②从空间变化上看,浦东新区和崇明县为气象灾害高发区,而闵行区和金山区为低发区;对各灾种来说,除暴雨洪涝的发生次数和频度在市区最高外,其余4种气象灾害均是在浦东新区最高,而暴雨洪涝是各区发生次数和频度最高的,龙卷风则是最低的.     

Fuel poverty and vulnerability in the EU low-carbon transition: the case of renewable electricity

The European Union (EU) and member states alike are following a tradition of addressing fuel poverty and vulnerability at the point of purchase by final consumers by seeking to influence the impact of income, energy price and the built environment on the ability of household consumers to access the energy that they need. By focusing on the conditions of energy transmission in the most rapidly growing renewable electricity sector in the UK – offshore wind – this paper aims to question whether the regulatory socio-technological framing of renewable electricity transmission is reproducing conditions for fuel poverty and vulnerability in the UK. By drawing a comparison with renewable electricity transmission in Bulgaria, this paper argues that the problem might be symptomatic of the EU as a whole. While not arguing against the proliferation of renewable electricity and its importance in meeting the 2020 targets, this paper calls for expanding the scope of fuel poverty alleviation policy throughout the whole renewable electricity supply chain, building on Helm's argument that energy companies at the middle of the supply chain are better suited to deliver fuel policy.     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste （MHW） which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10^5 ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out infield investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize haz- ardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.