上海北部郊区土壤多环芳烃含量及来源分析

为研究上海北部郊区农田土壤的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量特征,野外采集表层土壤样品,通过室内分析方法测定了土壤中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,在研究区土壤中16种优控PAHs总含量(w(PAH₁₆₎)为203.8～6　753.9 ng/g, 平均值为1　172.7 ng/g. 相对于荷兰的土壤修复目标值而言,上海北部郊区部分地块农田表层土壤PAHs含量偏高.说明研究区农田土壤已经受到了一定程度的PAHs污染.根据不同环数PAHs的相对丰度法和PAHs组分的浓度比值法判断,上海北部郊区表层土壤中的PAHs主要来源于石油和煤等化石燃料的高温燃烧及汽车尾气排放等燃烧源.      

Seasonal and spatial character of PCBs in a chemical industrial zone of Shanghai,China

As one of China’s great metropolises, Shanghai is suffering from the impact of manufacture and the use of chemical industrial products, and it faces serious pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Therefore, in this study, in order to assess the seasonal and spatial character of contamination from chemical industrial zones, the concentrations of PCBs have been measured in various environmental media, including soil, leaves, and atmospheric particulate samples collected in a chemical industrial zone of Shanghai and compared with samples from presumably unpolluted sites of rural areas. In soils, the PCB concentrations ranged from 0.5 ng g⁻¹ (unpolluted site) to 586.85 ng g⁻¹ (chlor-alkali industry site). The concentrations of PCBs in evergreen leaves ranged from 0.3 ng g⁻¹ to 32.46 ng g⁻¹, and more chlorinated biphenyls congeners, such as penta-biphenyls and hexa-biphenyls, were the dominant contributors in winter and spring. Seasonal differences and the constitution patterns of congeners might be affected by the temperature and industrial activities. The PCB concentrations in the leaves of deciduous trees increase over time as the leaves grow. The PCB concentration in atmospheric particulates was in the range of 9.22–14.15 × 10³ pg m⁻³, which might be the result of influence from climate and industrial activities. The relativity of PCB contents among the environmental media was discussed. The results in this paper provide an important profile of the current contamination status of a key chemical industrial zone in China.     

上海南汇淤泥质潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃

运用GC/MS对上海南汇淤泥质潮滩夏秋两个季节表层沉积物中的有机污染物多环芳烃作定性和定量分析。结果表明,该区多环芳烃总浓度最高达0.829μg/g;个别组分已超出检测限达3～7倍,它们在秋季潮滩以及夏季中潮滩其浓度值及在PAHs总量中所占的百分比比重较大,已成为PAHs有机污染物高浓度区。     

上海工业区环境空气VOCs预警值及特征物种筛选方法研究

在上海市大气污染物排放标准的基础上,结合国家相关标准提出了工业区环境空气中47项VOCs指标的预警值。根据VOCs污染物的有毒有害性和异味特征、浓度特征和光化学活性特征,分别定义了T-特征污染物、C-特征污染物和O-特征污染物,并提出了各类特征污染物的筛选方法。将VOCs预警值和特征污染物筛选方法应用于上海市工业园区在线监测点,结果显示预警值较为适用,可以达到较好的预警目标;特征污染物筛选结果合理,且能从不同角度反映各站点周边污染源特征。     

Signal denoising method for modal analysis of an offshore platform

The modal analysis of offshore structures is a key element of structural health monitoring based on vibration. A difficulty encountered by practitioners and researchers is that an accurate modal analysis is challenging in noisy environments. The objective of this work is to develop and implement a signal denoising method based on solving the inverse singular value problem of a measured (noisy) data matrix with prescribed entries to reconstruct a filtered data matrix. The measured (noisy) impulse response function (IRF) is used to build a square or nearly square Hankel matrix. The normalized rank determination indicator (RDI) of the Hankel matrix is introduced to determine the number of prescribed non-zero singular values in the prescribed entries inverse singular value problem (PEISVP). The reconstructed (filtered) matrix must maintain the original Hankel structure, and preserve the number of non-zero singular values. Once the filtered IRF has been obtained, the complex exponential (CE) method is applied for the modal analysis. To validate the proposed method, hereafter referred to as PEISVP-CE, we undertake the numerical simulation of a five-story shear building. Once successfully validated, we apply the PEISVP-CE method to an offshore field experiment of a jacket platform under the step relaxation. We find that the PEISVP-CE method is effective at eliminating noise and, therefore, appropriate for the modal analysis of offshore structures.     

海上气井环空带压油套管柱动态安全评价技术

为了有效预测海上气井环空带压油套管柱潜在失效风险及安全管理环空压力,提出1种基于井口压力、温度和液位多参数监测的海上气井环空带压油套管柱动态安全评价技术。首先,结合气井生产状态参数和完井信息,建立气井井筒压力分布计算方法;然后,根据力学知识分析气井环空带压油套管柱应力场特点,进而提出利用环空带压井油套管柱安全系数作为油套管柱失效评价依据;最终,开发海上气井环空带压安全监测系统并开展现场案例井分析。研究结果表明:监测系统能够准确获取环空带压状态参数,通过环空压力状态变化分析阐述“A”环空带压机理为泄漏点处油套管之间压力平衡的保持;结合实际井口环空压力监测数据,井筒安全系数能够实时表征油套管柱安全状态。     

近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散安全评估研究

为评估近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散风险,基于流体体积与多孔介质方法,建立水下埋地管道泄漏气体扩散预测模型,模拟气体在海底土壤及海水中的运移扩散过程。研究结果表明:泄漏气体在海底土壤中扩散时间较短,扩散直径变化经历快速增长期、缓慢增长期和平稳期3个阶段,海水中羽流直径与羽流高度均随时间增加,且相比羽流高度,羽流直径的增长速度呈现先大后小的态势;增加泄漏孔径与泄漏压力,气体在海底土壤中扩散直径增大,海水中气泡体积明显增加,上浮时间减少,水平偏移量和海面处羽流直径减小。该模型可实现对近海埋地管道气体泄漏的准确预测,得出扩散轨迹等关键羽流数据,为后续的安全评估提供数据支撑和理论支持。     

上海市典型综合型地下空间空气污染特征分析

对上海市某综合型城市地下空间空气进行采样、监测,得到CO 2、TVOC、甲醛、微生物、PM 10、PM 2.5等6类污染物的特征分布,基于国内外不同的空气质量标准作分析比较。结果表明,该典型综合型地下空间的空气污染情况较普遍,其中甲醛、TVOC污染较为突出,平均浓度超标倍数分别为1.056倍、3.755倍;共发现9种潜在致病菌属,占总数的0.893%。地下空间污染物的累积与内部建筑的设计、装修、功能属性、空调系统等众多因素有关。     

上海市中心城区臭氧污染水平和变化状况

利用上海市虹口监测点2002年O3的连续自动监测数据，分析了该点代表的区域范围内O3的污染水平、变化情况，以及O3与NO、NOx和CO的关系。指出该点O3的污染水平是冬季最低，秋季最高，5月至10月的质量浓度明显高于11月至4月，低质量浓度时段在早晨，高质量浓度时段在中午至午后；O3质量浓度的变化范围和上升速率是5月至10月比11月至4月大；O3的产生主要取决于NOx中NO转换成NO2的程度，而CO也同NO一样，当O3质量浓度在中午至午后较高时，CO质量浓度也不高。     

海上油田含油污泥对污泥-聚合物混合液性能的影响

为了回注处理海上油田含油污泥,将其与聚合物溶液混合,制备聚合物驱调剖体系。系统评价了含油污泥对污泥-聚合物混合液的溶液性能、使用性能及驱油效果的影响。实验结果表明:当含油污泥浓度小于300 mg/L时,油泥颗粒的粒径范围为0.1~100μm,d_(90)为40~60μm,污泥-聚合物混合液的黏度、抗剪切及抗老化稳定性均得到增强,注入性不受显著影响,阻力系数及残余阻力系数略有增加;当采用油泥浓度为100 mg/L的污泥-聚合物混合液进行驱油实验时,聚驱采收率增幅为7.26百分比,然而含油污泥浓度的进一步升高对提高采收率并不利。