上海近期酸雨变化特征及其化学组分分析

依据上海1983─2004年的酸雨监测资料,对该地区酸雨的变化特征、离子化学组成进行了分析.结果表明:上海降水酸度呈波动性变化,特别是1997─2004年酸雨污染趋势加剧.对降水中离子含量的分析可知,酸雨主要为硫酸型和硝酸型.灰色关联度分析表明:降水pH与降水中碱性阳离子的关联序为Na+>NH₄+> Ca2+> K+> Mg2+;pH与酸性阴离子关联序为Cl-> NO₃-> SO₄2->F-.反映出上海降水的离子化学组成受海洋源影响较大.结果还表明,上海酸雨逐步由硫酸型转为硫酸型和硝酸型并重.      

苏州河上海市区段表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及特征

参照美国EPA8000系列方法、质量保证和质量控制,对苏州河上海市区段的表层沉积物中16种优控多环芳烃类有机物(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,苏州河上海市区段的表层沉积物均受到了很大程度的污染,其中处于市区中段的昌化路桥、西康路桥和长寿路桥断面的PAHs含量较高,处于黄浦江入口附近的四川路桥、河南路桥和福建路桥断面的含量较低.同时发现,近十几年来苏州河沉积物中的PAHs含量和成分发生了一定的变化,对其原因作了初步探讨.     

太浦河开通对上海市水环境的影响

在全面摸清太浦河开通前后黄浦江上游工况、水量、水质、污染物变化的基础上,采用大范围产水、河网水流运动和小范围水质动态模拟的方法,开展多方案的水环境变化研究,揭示上海市主要水源地黄浦江上游水环境的变化规律,综合分析太浦河开通的有利和不利影响,提出污染物削减方案,并优选合理的防治措施,避免不利影响,从而更好地发挥太浦河工程的综合效益。      

Potential for Advanced Technology to Improve Air Quality and Human Health in Shanghai

/ Air quality in most Asian cities is poor and getting worse. It will soon become impossible to sustain population, economic, and industrial growth without severe deterioration of the atmospheric environment. This paper addresses the city of Shanghai, the air-quality problems it faces over the next 30 years, and the potential of advanced technology to alleviate these problems. Population, energy consumption, and emission profiles are developed for the city at 0.1 degrees x 0.1 degrees resolution and extrapolated from 1990 to 2020 using sector-specific economic growth factors. Within the context of the RAINS-Asia model, eight technology scenarios are examined for their effects on ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide and sulfate and their emission control costs. Without new control measures, it is projected that the number of people exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations in excess of guidelines established by the World Health Organization will rise from 650,000 in 1990 to more than 14 million in 2020. It is apparent that efforts to reduce emissions are likely to have significant health benefits, measured in terms of the cost of reducing the number of people exposed to concentrations in excess of the guidelines ($10-50 annually per person protected). Focusing efforts on the control of new coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities has the greatest benefit. However, none of the scenarios examined is alone capable of arresting the increases in emissions, concentrations, and population exposure. It is concluded that combinations of stringent scenarios in several sectors will be necessary to stabilize the situation, at a potential cost of $500 million annually by the year 2020. KEY WORDS: Coal; China; Shanghai; Sulfur dioxide; Air quality; Health effects     

近岸海域沉积物重金属生态风险评价模型对比研究

重金属污染被认为是2l世纪影响人类生存与健康的重要环境问题,该类物质极易在近岸海域沉积环境富集,因此海洋沉积物重金属污染已成为人们关注的全球性的环境问题之一,而重金属生态风险评价则成为污染生态学研究的前沿。综述了重金属的形态及生物有效性、重金属污染程度评价方法、重金属生态效应评价法等3种典型生态风险评价方法,结合国内外研究现状对不同的生态风险评价的方法和技术手段进行对比研究,并讨论了相关模型的适用范围及局限性。主要结论如下：金属的赋存形态是基于操作定义的,采用不同的提取方法及提取过程中使用的不同试剂都会对分析结果产生影响;重金属污染程度评价方法难以反映沉积物中重金属的化学活性和生物可利用性;生态效应评价方法从重金属的生物毒性角度出发,反映了多种污染物的综合影响,但该评价方法没有考虑环境条件对元素地球化学分布的影响。因此,在进行近岸海域沉积环境重金属生态风险评价时,采用多种方法相结合的综合评价是解决实际问题的有效途径。     

Air quality for metals and sulfur in Shanghai, China, determined with moss bags

In order to better understand the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of metals and sulfur present in Shanghai, moss bags with Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth. were suspended at 14 local monitoring stations from April through June 2006 in Shanghai, the largest city in China. The results showed that the concentrations of S, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the moss bags after exposure were higher at the sites in the industrial district and most urban districts and lower at the sites in suburban areas, and well correlated with SO₂ API and PM10 API in the air both in terms of space and time. The present study provided evidence that the moss H. microphyllum is suitable for bio-monitoring air pollution with moss bags and further confirmed that the moss-bag method is a simple, inexpensive and useful technique.     

上海大雾气候特征及风险区划研究

大雾作为一种比较常见的灾害性天气,对交通运输和人体健康等都会造成严重的影响。基于上海市11个气象站1971-2000年的大雾数据和城市基础地理信息,利用地理信息系统和层次分析法,结合专家调查法,建立了上海市大雾风险的评价指标体系和权重,开展了上海市大雾的风险特征及地理区划研究,获得了1 km空间分辨率的上海大雾气候特征图、上海城市对大雾敏感性特征图和上海市大雾风险区划图。初步研究表明,这种方法对城市大雾评估和风险区划是可行的。     

Occurrence, compositional patterns, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The present study analyzed surface soil collected from agricultural region of Shanghai to determine the occurrence, compositional patterns and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The results showed that 32 PBDEs were detected among 44 target PBDEs. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 129 to 1245 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean of 429 ng kg⁻¹. BDE209 was the predominant congener in a range of 33.2-796 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean of 254 ng kg⁻¹. Meanwhile, BDE47, BDE49, BDE153, BDE190, and BDE99 have the most abundant with high concentrations and detectable frequencies. PBDE congeners and homologues analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed that the major source of PBDE in the soil samples was associated with the prevalent use of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE). The correlation analysis proved that there was a significant correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and lower brominated PBDEs, indicating the significant diffuse nature of the sources of these congeners.     

超重力旋转填料床中络合铁脱硫工艺处理海上油田含硫伴生天然气

采用超重力旋转填料床中络合铁脱硫工艺处理海上油田伴生天然气。运行结果表明：海上油田超重力旋转填料床络合铁脱硫系统投资1 500 万元,设备总占用面积不足48 m²,天然气处理量2×10⁵ m³/d,回收硫磺400 kg/d;进口伴生天然气中硫化氢的质量浓度为2 000~2 500 mg/L,经脱硫处理后硫化氢的质量浓度低于3 mg/L,达到GB 17820—2012《天然气》中硫化氢含量的要求。该工艺解决了海上平台空间紧张、结构承重有限等问题,装置运行稳定,避免了设备腐蚀,运行成本低,运行效果显著,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

上海市黄浦江河网氮污染输入负荷分析和量化计算

河流氮素污染已成为上海市区域内主要环境问题之一。在GLOBAL-NEWS2模型的基础上,对上海市区域河网氮污染输入负荷进行计算和建模。河流氮污染输入负荷模型包括点源输入、非点源输入和上游输入3个部分。结果表明,上海市区域河网氮污染输入负荷总量估算值为68.39Gg/a,其中点源氮输入负荷为15.43Gg/a,非点源氮输入负荷为41.29Gg/a,上游氮输入负荷为11.67Gg/a。非点源输入所占比例最大(60.37%),而其中又以农业氮肥输入为主(19.05Gg/a)。因此,要减少河流氮污染输入负荷,限制农业活动中氮肥的施用量是行之有效的途径。将上海市河网作为一个封闭边界的氮循环流域尺度进行建模和分析,未来需进一步研究氮在流域内的子循环过程。