上海大气氮湿沉降的污染特征

为探讨上海大气氮湿沉降的污染特征,采集了2007年11月至2008年10月上海雨水样品,分析了大气氮湿沉降浓度,探讨了上海大气湿沉降氮通量及上海市区,市郊和远郊大气氮湿沉降的时空污染特征.结果表明:(1)上海市区、市郊和远郊大气氮湿沉降质量浓度平均值分别为2.96、2.31、2.21 mg/L.从上海大气湿沉降总体来看,大气氮湿沉降劣V类、V类的超标率分别达到51.09%和13.87%.推断大气氮湿沉降的主要来源是机动车辆所排放的大量氮氧化物.(2)除冬季外,其余季节上海市区大气氮湿沉降浓度均大于市郊和远郊;市区和远郊大气氮湿沉降浓度均在秋季最大,市郊大气氮湿沉降浓度在春季最大.(3)上海大气年氮湿沉降通量为78.42 kg/hm~2,同其他区域相比较,属于世界上高氮沉降区域.(4)上海大气月氮沉降通量与月平均降雨量呈显著的线性正相关(p<0.05),说明上海大气氮湿沉降通量主要受降雨量的影响.     

Dovehicular emissions dominate the source of C6-C8aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnelwith more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the otherwithmore than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6-C8 aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08 (benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12 (toluene), 0.41 ± 0.09 (m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04 (o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011 (styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02 (ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6-C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals (k_OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller kOH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

Forecasting Up to Year 2000 on Shanghai's Environmental Quality

The capabilities of third world countries in dealing withenvironmental problems are often limited by available resources and the tremendous costs of environmental monitoring.This paper attempts to introduce a newmethodology that can be used to derive information aboutenvironmental quality in its spatial and temporal dimensions.This methodology, based on an inquiry-feedback network of 8,000families and iteration with controlled-feedback of expertcommunity, has been first tested in Shanghai, China andprocedurally can be divided into two steps: Base-year evaluationand forecasting. Fuzzy pattern recognition is introduced for thesubjective assessment of the citizens' feelings theirperceived environment and a four-round Delphi-Cross Impactanalysis is conducted for forecasting the environmental changesup to 2000. Results show that the base-year environmentalsituations were poor. In the foreseeable future, the conditionsfor housing, social services, public health, greenspace anddrinking water will be substantially improved. Due to the rapidgrowth of manufacturing, the city will continue its deteriorating trend of air and water quality into the next century according to the forecast.     

上海市黑臭水体整治思路、措施及典型案例分析

上海市是我国近年来城市经济发展迅速的典型代表,然而2015年上海市56.4%的河流断面为劣V类,部分水体黑臭现象严重。通过分析上海市水环境现状及城市建成区黑臭水体的分布特征,阐述了导致上海市城市水体黑臭的主要原因,并根据已采取的治理措施评估了上海市黑臭水体整治成效。在此基础上,以苏州河、春申港和夏长浦为典型案例,分析了上海市在黑臭水体整治方面的成功经验,以期为南方水系发达城市黑臭水体治理提供借鉴和参考。     

高尔夫球场农药使用情况调查及特征分析

通过对上海市高尔夫球场农药使用情况的详细调查,结果显示:当前高尔夫球场使用的农药主要包括3大类43种,包含杀菌剂20种、杀虫剂14种和除草剂9种,种类组成及施用量均以杀菌剂为主;施用农药以微毒、低毒农药为主(占69.8%),高毒农药主要为杀虫剂;不同球场农药使用种类、强度和频次等存在较大差异,主要与球场规模、草坪种类及管理水平等有关;当前高尔夫球场农药使用中仍存在农药施用强度较高,农药施用种类较多,品种结构仍有待优化等问题。     

上海城市绿地系统建设与规划的原则和对策

针对上海城市绿化现状，强调生态位、生态效益、生物多样性、空间布局和景观割裂等原理在绿地中的重要性，并在此基础上分析探讨了２１世纪的上海在绿地系统建设中应如何提高绿化数量、改善绿地质量、提高生物的多样性和空间异质性、发挥生态效益、丰富绿化形式等诸多问题，尝试为今后的规划提供一些对策。     

上海市污水治理二期工程上升管间距模型试验研究

以上海市污水治理二期工程物理模型试验数据为基础，通过量纲分析的方法得出了污水排放口上升布置多个喷口时污水场宽度与各影响因素之间的关系式，根据污水场宽度可以确定出上升管理论间距，为实际工程中扩散器长度的确定提供理论依据。     

上海市轨道交通明珠线声屏障试验研究

上海市轨道交通明珠线在国内首次采用1:1实况模拟形式进行了长度为250m的声屏障试验工程,按不同距离、高度设置13个测点,在各测点上做了8次不同材质结构的声屏障效果测试。实况模拟获得的大量数据资料和结论,对降低轨道交通的列车运行噪声有着积极的现实意义。     

Air Emissions Assessment from Offshore Oil Activities in Sonda de Campeche, Mexico

Air emission data from offshore oil platforms, gas and oil processing installations and contribution of marine activities at the Sonda de Campeche, located at the Gulf of Mexico, were compiled and integrated to facilitate the study of long range transport of pollutants into the region. From this important region, roughly 76% of the total Mexican oil and gas production is obtained. It was estimated that the total air emissions of all contaminants are approximately 821,000 tons per year. Hydrocarbons are the largest pollutant emissions with 277,590 tons per year, generated during flaring activities, and SOx in second place with 185,907 tons per year. Marine and aviation activities contribute with less than 2% of total emissions. Mass of pollutants emitted per barrel of petroleum produced calculated in this work, are in the range reported by similar oil companies.     

上海市ATM机空间分布特征与机制

自我国加入WTO后,上海市银行业发展迅速,国外大型银行开始进入上海市场,中资银行与外资银行竞争激烈.以上海市ATM机空间分布的点数据为基础,基于GIS空间分析模块与空间统计模块,运用K函数分析方法、核密度估计法分析了上海市ATM机空间布局特征及其形成机制,并归纳总结其空间分布的基本模式.研究发现,ATM机分布具有显著的集聚趋势,呈现出单核心—边缘结构特征,中心城区与陆家嘴金融贸易区是样本密度最大区域,其空间分布受商业活动、公共场所、交通等城市要素影响.