Dovehicular emissions dominate the source of C6-C8aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnelwith more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the otherwithmore than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6-C8 aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08 (benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12 (toluene), 0.41 ± 0.09 (m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04 (o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011 (styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02 (ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6-C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals (k_OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller kOH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

“基金”政策下上海废弃电器电子产品处理企业管理现状及建议研究

随着中国废弃电器电子产品管理法律法规的日益完善,社会关注度和环保意识的日益提高,特别是基金补贴制度的建立,环保部门对废弃电器电子产品的管理角色正逐渐从单一的污染防治转变为对行业的综合管理.根据上海市已建立的环保、审计联合审核工作机制,通过实证研究方法对上海地区废弃电器电子产品监管现状进行深入研究,找出监管过程中存在的问题,从完善配套政策与措施,引入专业单位作为社会服务体系,促进资源化和无害化同步发展、加强培训工作四个方面提出了对策和建议.     

海上石油平台工艺区风环境模拟及韧性评估*

为研究不同风向下海上石油平台工艺区的风场特征和系统韧性,采用Fluent软件从8种不同风向角度对海上平台工艺区风环境进行三维数值模拟,分析研究高于工艺区地面1.5,3,4.5 m水平风场风速分布特征,确定微静风区和强风速区面积,并以微静风区域占比为指标评估系统抗灾韧性。研究结果表明:风速激增区出现在障碍物前缘或侧翼;风口顺延形成强风道,风速介于1.6～3.1 m/s之间;系统韧性与微静风区占比呈现负相关,在1.5 m高度风场处,E-90°风向时微静风区域面积占比约为69%,工艺系统韧性较弱,风险较大;NW-315°风向时微静风区域面积占比约为9.6%,工艺系统韧性较强,风险较小;随着风场高度增大,各个风向系统韧性均有所提高,W-270°风向时系统韧性升幅达12.1%,N-0°风向时系统韧性升幅达12.24%。研究结果可为海上石油平台逃生路线设计、火气监控设备布置及提高平台自身抗灾韧性方面提供指导依据。     

Diverse bacterial populations of PM2.5 in urban and suburb Shanghai,China

• Urban aerosols harbour diverse bacterial communities in Shanghai. • The functional groups were associated with nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur cycling. • Temperature, SO₂, and wind speed were key drivers for the bacterial community. Airborne bacteria play key roles in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and human health, yet our understanding of bacterial communities and their response to the environmental variables lags significantly behind that of other components of PM_2.5. Here, atmospheric fine particles obtained from urban and suburb Shanghai were analyzed by using the qPCR and Illumina Miseq sequencing. The bacteria with an average concentration of 2.12 × 10³ cells/m³, were dominated by Sphingomonas, Curvibacter, Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Methylobacterium, Halomonas, Aliihoeflea, and Phyllobacterium, which were related to the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur cycling and human health risk. Our results provide a global survey of bacterial community across urban, suburb, and high-altitude sites. In Shanghai (China), urban PM_2.5 harbour more diverse and dynamic bacterial populations than that in the suburb. The structural equation model explained about 27%, 41%, and 20%–78% of the variance found in bacteria diversity, concentration, and discrepant genera among urban and suburb sites. This work furthered the knowledge of diverse bacteria in a coastal Megacity in the Yangtze river delta and emphasized the potential impact of environmental variables on bacterial community structure.     

上海垃圾分类资源化利用的现状、问题与实践路径

“垃圾围城”现象已成为制约经济高质量发展的因素,推进垃圾分类是解决日益增加的环境压力的重要举措。在垃圾分类全过程中,如何分门别类进行资源化利用是下阶段工作的主阵地。上海作为先行先试的城市,在政府、企业、媒体和公民的协同共治下,垃圾分类实效显著,但资源化利用率仍有待进一步提高,出现垃圾分类主体内在驱动力不足、垃圾分类行为约束疲软、湿垃圾处置痛点突出、低价值可回收物资源化利用难点凸显等。针对此,本文以构建闭路循环为核心理念,提出细化分拣门类、提升市场化机制、强化垃圾资源化利用技术研发、夯实制度保障机制、加大宣传引导等对策建议,以期为其他城市提供经验借鉴与路径参考。     

海上风电基础阴极保护技术研究

目的 探究外加单一电流阴极保护（Impressed Current Catholic Protection,ICCP）系统、单一牺牲阳极保护（Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection,SACP）系统以及SACP与ICCP系统联合保护3种工况下对海上风电基础的最优保护方案。方法 通过对3种工况进行数值模拟计算,对比不同工况下阴极保护系统对风电基础的保护效果。确定最优工况后,构建大比尺模型对最佳工况进行该工况下的实海测试实验。结果 单一SACP、单一ICCP系统以及SACP与ICCP系统联合保护3种工况下,风电基础保护电位区间分别为–926～–881 mV、–1 018～–985 mV和–984～–963 mV。实海测试实验中,导管架电位分布为–1 029～–912 mV。数值模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。结论 当SACP与ICCP系统联合保护时,保护效果最好。随着输出电流的逐步增大,风电基础模型逐步趋于过保护状态。     

20世纪90年代以来上海地区光能资源变化研究

为了摸清20世纪90年代以来上海地区光能资源变化规律,根据1991-2003年上海地区11个站年日照资料及宝山站的辐射资料,在与前30年(1961-1990年)平均比较的基础上,统计分析1991年以来太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、日照时数、日照百分率以及光合有效辐射、光热生产潜力的变化情况,结果表明:1991-2003年,上海地区年平均总辐射减少70M Jm/2,年平均直接辐射减少160.6M Jm/2,年平均散射辐射增加90.6M Jm/2,年平均光合有效辐射减少17.4M Jm/2,年平均光热生产潜力增加3328kgh/m₂,年平均日照时数减少187.5h,年平均日照百分率减少4%。     

上海市主要饮用水源地水重金属健康风险初步评价

对上海市主要饮用水源地(黄浦江上游地区和陈行水库)水中重金属含量进行了调查研究,并应用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,黄浦江上游和陈行水库由致癌物质Cr,As,Cd通过饮水途径引起的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Cr>As>Cd和As>Cr>Cd,风险值为10-7~10-5 a-1,Cr和As的风险值高于部分机构推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1×10-6 a-1),而低于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)和美国环境保护署(US EPA)的推荐值(5×10-5和1×10-4 a-1),成为上海市饮用水源地主要的致癌因子;黄浦江上游和陈行水库由非致癌物质Pb,Cu,Zn,Hg导致的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Pb>Cu>Zn>Hg和Hg>Cu>Pb>Zn,风险值为10-12~10-10 a-1.各采样点重金属类致癌物质的风险值明显高于非致癌物质.      

上海市食品废弃物处理处置现状综述

对上海市生活垃圾中食品废弃物和餐厨垃圾近年来的产生状况进行了综述,讨论了上海市对生活垃圾中食品废弃物和餐厨垃圾的管理和处理处置现状,并分别进行了总结。最后对上海市食品废弃物的资源化利用进行了展望。     

上海市化石燃料排放二氧化碳贡献量的研究

采用ORNL提出的化石燃料燃烧排放二氯化碳的计算方法研究了上海市1994～2005年二氯化碳的排放量。得出上海化石燃料排放的二氯化碳将由1994年的3299．7万t增加到2005年的4493．44万t。同时得出煤炭、石油、天然气排放的二氯化碳比重将分别由1994年的84．03％下降到2005年的72．04％，1994年的15．97％上升到2005年的18．35％、2000年的0.38％上升到2005年的4.1％。