基于云模型的页岩气开发环境影响评价

从大气环境、噪声与土壤环境、水环境和生态、安全与可持续4个方面构建页岩气开发环境影响指标体系,并建立基于熵权法和云模型评价法的页岩气环境影响评价模型。针对四川省某国家级页岩气示范区进行实证分析,结果表明:该地区页岩气开发环境影响处于中等程度。页岩气开发对水环境影响最大,其次是对大气环境的影响,再次是对噪声与土壤环境,对生态、安全与可持续方面影响相对最小。该模型的评价结果与页岩气开发环境影响现状相符,最后根据评价结果提出相关政策建议。     

基于信息熵与KPSO聚类法滑坡敏感性分析

选取南京地区滑坡为研究对象。基于DEM及遥感影像数据,选取样本,提取滑坡影响因素,计算影响因素熵值。利用K折粒子群优化(K PSO)方法,在GIS环境下针对地质资料缺乏情况,生成一个可靠的南京地区滑坡敏感图。自组织特征映射网络(SOM)法用作一个并行研究,结果作为K PSO法结果对比。结果表明,K PSO法聚类准确率为85%,自组织映射(S OM)法聚类结果准确率为80%,由此说明K PSO聚类法在地质资料不足前提下形成滑坡敏感区是一种行之有效的方法。     

Respiration induced by substrate and bacteria diversity after application of diuron,hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl alone and in mixture

Abstract

After application, herbicides often reach the soil and affect non-target soil microorganisms, decreasing their population, diversity or affecting metabolic activity. Therefore, laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the effects of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl alone and mixed upon carbon transformation by soil microorganisms in clayey and sandy soils and the effect on bacterial diversity and structure. Control treatment without herbicide application was also performed. Sub-samples from the control and herbicide treatments (10?g – in triplicate) were collected before herbicide application and 7, 14, 28 and 42?days after treatment (DAT), then 1?mL of ¹⁴C-glucose solution was applied. The released ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped in 2?M NaOH solution and the radioactivity was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), 12?h after glucose application. The effect of herbicides on bacterial diversity was evaluated by T-RFLP. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design. Hexazinone did not affect ¹⁴CO₂ evolution. Diuron showed a greater ¹⁴CO₂ evolution in sandy and clayey soil, while sulfometuron-methyl led to an increase in sandy soil, at 42 DAT. A greater evolution of carbon was observed in the treatment with herbicide mixture in sandy soil, compared with the same treatment in clayey soil or control. However, the herbicide mixture application did not affect the soil biological activity measured by the respiration rate induced by substrate. On the other hand, the herbicide mixtures affected the bacterial diversity in both soils, being the strongest effect to diuron and sulfometuron-methyl in clayey soil and hexazinone in sandy soil.     

Characterization of bacterial communities at heavy-metal-contaminated sites

The microbial community in soil samples from two long-term contaminated sites was characterized by using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The two sites investigated contained high amounts of heavy metals and were located in the upper Silesia Industrial Region in southern Poland. The evaluation of the aerobic soil microbial population clearly demonstrated the presence of considerable numbers of viable, culturable bacteria at both sites. A high fraction of the bacterial population was able to grow in the presence of high amounts of metals, i.e. up to 10 mM Zn²⁺, 3 mM Pb²⁺ or 1 mM Cu²⁺. Site 1 contained significantly (P < 0.05) lower bacterial numbers growing in the presence of 10 mM Zn²⁺ than site 2, while the opposite was observed for bacteria tolerating 1 mM Cu²⁺. This coincided with the contents of these two metals at the two sites. Ecophysiological (EP) indices for copiotrophs (r-strategists) and oligotrophs (K-strategists) pointed to high bacterial diversity at both sites. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicated that Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria represent the physiologically active fraction of bacteria at the two sites. Shannon diversity (H′) indices for FISH-detected bacterial phylogenetic groups were not significantly different at the two sites.     

修复受污染水体的潜流人工湿地微生物多样性研究

进行了潜流人工湿地修复受污染水体试验研究,并比较单一植物与单一填料系统与多种植物系统与多种填料系统的处理效果.运用PCR-DGGE技术研究3种不同类型的潜流人工湿地中微生物种群结构,结合多样性分析和聚类分析方法,分析了人工湿地微生物种群结构特征.     

BAF中不同高度海绵铁填料表面物种多样性分析

主要通过目的片段的聚合酶链式反应(polymeraes chain reaction,PCR)扩增、Illumina高通量测序以及生物信息分析对曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器中不同高度的海绵铁填料表面微生物丰度和多样性进行分析和研究。结果表明:Ctrl(原水样)以及反应器中优势种群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)次之;等级丰度分布(Rank-Abundance)曲线中Ctrl物种数量为1 193,DO1(BAF上部水样)为2 389,DO2(BAF中部水样)为2 211,DO3(BAF下部水样)为1 890,DO1的丰度和生物多样性最高,随着DO浓度的降低(或填料空间位置的下降),微生物群落丰度和多样性均逐渐下降;Chao1指数比观察到的物种(observed species)指数对物种的丰度更加敏感,测得的OTUs(operational taxonomic units)数均高出400;DO1和DO2的物种均匀度较高,DO3和Ctrl的优势菌群所占比例很高,均匀度较低。通过PCoA(principal co-ordinates analysis)可以观察到DO1和DO2的物种组成最为相似。     

Uncovering context-induced status quo effects in choice experiments

In this study five design dimensions are varied systematically investigating context-induced status quo effects in choice experiments. Additionally, two structural complexity measures, entropy and the number of attribute level changes, are used to capture status quo effects from the similarity between alternatives and the number of trade-offs. A crucial finding is that the frequency of status quo choices is negatively associated with the number of alternatives indicating preference matching effects. By contrast, the probability of choosing the status quo increases with a higher number of choice tasks, a wider level range, and the similarity between alternatives. Status quo choices are further affected by the current environmental situation perceived by respondents. We also find that marginal and non-marginal welfare estimates are significantly affected by the choice design. One key finding is that the most used choice task format in environmental economics, i.e., two hypothetical and a status quo alternative, is likely to increase the propensity to choose the status quo option.