Spatial distribution and risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination along roadsides of the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,China北大核心CSCD

Traffic activities in roadways are the major source of heavy metal contamination on the northwestern Sichuan Plateau, China. To characterize the spatial pattern of heavy metal distribution, we collected soil samples and measured the concentrations of five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from nine sites in Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province, including three transects that reflected typical gradients of traffic density. Each transect consisted of three levels of traffic density sites. We calculated single pollution index, Nemerow multi-factor index, and potential ecological risk index, to assess the ecological risk of the heavy metal contamination. Results showed that the soils were contaminated by Cd and Zn, with higher concentrations than that of the natural soil background values in all sampling sites. Moreover, Cd and Zn concentrations increased with increasing traffic density, suggesting that traffic activities were potentially responsible for the metal contaminations. The single pollution index indicated that the study sites were heavily contaminated by Cd and slightly polluted by Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the Nemerow multi-factor and potential ecological risk indexes indicated moderate potential ecological risks at the study sites. Specifically, the sites with high traffic density were moderately contaminated and the sites with low traffic density were mildly contaminated. In general, Cd and Zn were highly accumulated in soils of the study region; therefore focus should be on the high ecological hazard associated with soil heavy metal contamination, even in undeveloped regions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release in Toona sinensis plantation under the reconstruction mode of low-efficiency cypress forest gaps北大核心CSCD

Fine root decomposition is an important way in which nutrients are returned to plantation soil; thus, further study of this process will be helpful for understanding material cycling in forest ecosystems. We investigated a Toona sinensis plantation in the central Sichuan hilly region using litter bags containing T. sinensis fine roots to evaluate the dynamics of fine root decomposition and nutrient release for one year in forest gaps of 50 m2 (L1), 100 m2 (L2), and 150 m2 (L3). The results showed that T. sinensis fine root decomposition was fastest in the first 90 days. As time passed, the decomposition rate slowed. One year later, the residue rate was 75.44%, 73.92%, and 72.07%, respectively. The fine root decomposition rate of L3 was greater than that of L2, which was greater than that of L1. During fine root decomposition, the dynamics of the fine root nutrient concentrations changed. C, P, and K concentrations of the fine roots declined in forest gaps, while N, Ca, and Mg concentrations increased overall in the fine roots. In conclusion, forest gaps had effects on the fine root decomposition and nutrient release of T. sinensis, and different sized forest gaps produced different results. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

四川省水资源生态足迹与生态承载力的时空分析

根据水资源生态足迹的基本原理和计算模型,对四川省2001-2009年水资源生态足迹、生态承载力进行分析。结果表明,在2001-2009年间四川省人均水资源生态足迹总体上呈上升趋势,万元GDP生态足迹呈下降趋势,水资源利用率在逐步提高;干旱灾害对水资源生态承载力影响较大,四川省历年水资源生态承载力均大于生态足迹,存在一定的生态盈余,水资源可持续开发利用情况较好。四川省水资源存在严重分布不均的现象,经济较为落后,对水资源需求量较小的西部高原地区水资源丰富,水资源生态盈余较大;经济较为发达,对水资源的需求量大的东部盆地地区水资源量小,生态盈余较低,在绵阳、遂宁、内江、自贡等地出现生态赤字,水资源利用呈现不安全状态。水资源生态足迹的变化与社会经济发展密切相关,应该充分考虑四川省水资源的时空分布情况,调整产业结构,合理调度、利用水资源,促进四川省整个社会经济的持续发展。     

四川盆地大气污染物时空分布特征及气象影响因素研究

利用2015—2018年四川盆地内18个城市的6种污染物逐日质量浓度监测资料、同期的常规气象观测资料，采用插值、相关分析等方法，分析了四川盆地3个区域6种污染物的时空分布特征，探讨了各个污染物质量浓度与气象要素之间的关系.结果表明：①O₃在盆地中西部污染较重，PM_2.5和PM₁₀在德阳、成都、眉山、内江、自贡一带污染较重，在广元和巴中污染较轻，SO₂在巴中、南充、绵阳、德阳一带污染较轻，在广元和盆地中南部污染较重；②NO₂平均浓度呈先增后减的趋势，O₃呈增加趋势，而CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂均呈减小趋势；③CO、NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂呈"夏低冬高"的特征，O₃则相反，CO、NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀均表现为"双峰双谷"型，O₃和SO₂则表现为"单峰"型；④偏东风有利于CO、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的稀释扩散，偏北风有利于O₃、SO₂的稀释扩散；⑤6种污染物质量浓度均与气压、气温、24 h变温、24 h变压、相对湿度、10 m风速、700 hPa散度、850 hPa高度显著相关.风速、相对湿度、混合层高度、逆温层平均高度的增加有利于大多数污染物的稀释扩散.     

清代四川水灾时空特征及受灾比风险测度

通过历史记录对清代四川省水灾逐年分等定级,以此研究清代四川水灾的时空变化特征。同时,基于信息扩散理论计算出受灾风险概率。结果表明：（1）清代（AD 1644—1911）共发生水灾1409县次,1861—1890为水患高发期,1825年后水灾强度显著上升。10 a尺度下水灾强度存在三次高峰,30 a尺度下清末期水灾强度持续增强。前期水灾周期为中长期振荡,1825年后水灾强度显著提高且以中短（8—15 a）周期性振荡为主。（2）水灾密集区主要位于山地-平原交界处的成都府、眉州、雅州府东部区域,受灾指数基尼系数为0.4615,水患平均中心位移较小。（3）全川受灾风险概率在受灾比为0.05—0.15时迅速下降,同等受灾比（0.2以下时）下,川东道受灾风险概率最高;而受灾比高于0.2时,川北道受灾风险最高。（4）东亚季风增强、人口暴露度增加、政治经济动荡造成的社会韧性下降和生态破坏可能是清末四川省水灾强度提高和规模扩大的重要原因。     

四川省河流生态环境需水量统计分析评估

本文介绍了标准流量法计算河流生态环境需水量的状况,针对四川省情况结合四川省水文资料,用当前广泛应用的各种标准流量法,对四川省河流生态环境需水量进行统计计算分析。其成果可以为有关部门和设计研究人员提供背景资料或决策依据。     

基于灰色关联投影的四川省生态环境质量定量研究

生态环境系统是一个包括自然、经济和社会等多个方面,具有信息不确知性和不完全性因素的灰色系统。以四川省为研究区,在构建生态环境评价指标体系的基础上,基于灰色系统理论和矢量投影原理,建立了生态环境质量评价的灰色关联投影模型,并运用所建模型对四川开展生态省建设前后3年的生态环境质量进行评价。结果表明,四川省自开展生态省建设以来,生态环境质量逐步提高,但仍然有进一步提高的空间。     

四川省出川断面主要污染物通量及来源研究

以2001～2007年实测水文、水质数据为基础,计算了四川省主要出川断面高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮(NH3-N)污染负荷通量;利用断面水质目标约束,通过污染负荷历时曲线,分析了区域水环境承载力;在基流分割的基础上,利用水文分割法,识别了区域污染物的主要来源,为从源头上开展三峡水库水环境保护提供数据支撑。分析结果表明,各出川断面干流主要污染物(CODMn、NH3-N)大致在可接受的范围内,2001年以来,出川断面CODMn通量呈降低的趋势,有效的减缓了输入三峡库区的污染物总量,氨氮通量整体稳定。嘉陵江、涪江、渠江流域污染物来源主要为非点源,应重点加强面源的污染防控;长江干流为点面源混合型,简单的削减点源已不能保证高功能水体要求,应加强点源和面源污染的综合防控。     

近10年四川省碳排放特征分析

本文基于一次能源消费的统计数据,计算了四川省2000～2009年的碳排放总量、人均碳排放量和碳排放强度。结果表明:2000～2009年四川省能源消费总量、碳排放总量和人均碳排放量均呈显著上升趋势;第二产业碳排放量的比重最大,并且增大趋势明显;2000～2009年四川省碳排放强度年平均下降率小于国内生产总值的年平均增长率,未能实现二氧化碳的绝对减排。     

环境救济法的体系——由四川藏区农村环境公害问题引出

以四川藏区农村的环境公害问题为引入对象,结合先进国家和地区的农村生态环境法制管理救济机制和应对机制,从现行相关程序法和实体法的法理角度,初步阐释适合我国农村生态环境法制实现的救济处理机制和救济途径,从而在一定程序上构建起我国的环境救济法体系。