PROCEDURE FOR SELECTING A MINIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ROUTING FOR A WATER CONVEYANCE CANAL1

ABSTRACT: Several techniques for selecting a least environmental impact corridor have been proposed. Two approaches have been found workable; the computer graphics and the map overlay. This report combines features of both to determine an appropriate routing for a water conveyance canal. The study was conducted by an interdisciplinary planning team. Environmental factors were mapped and weighted on overlay maps. Alternative routes were identified and carefully studied. Several critical environmental implications were noted. Aesthetic factors, out door recreation interpretation, visitor safety and disruption of human and animal travel routes were considered and dealt with.     

The Pyrenees earthquake of 1660: Effects in France

Until 1975 or so, scientists' knowledge of the major earthquake of 1660 in the Pyrenees (in Bigorre) was largely restricted to the meagre information repeated in the classical catalogues. Useful material published in local learned journals was mostly unknown, and has only been unearthed and interpreted since 1976, when two year's work of analysis was started for the "Projet Sismo-tectonique" in France. During and since that project, further routine work necessary for the revision of the historical seismicity of France, has brought to light a new wealth of information from archive sources. This new knowledge, at least from the French side, is used as the basis for a brief macroseismic review of the event north of the Pyrenees, putting forward proposals for the isoseismal lines. Emphasis is placed on the number and quality of the sources, some of which are quoted for evidence of major rockfalls in the meizoseismal region and the wide extent of the felt area, as far north as Salnt-Maixent in Poitou.     

Relative density of finds for assessing similarity-based maps of orchid occurrence

Similarity-based mapping of the expected distribution of 10 orchid species was conducted in a study area covering 300 km² in south-eastern Estonia. The observation track and species finds were recorded during fieldwork. Absence locations were generated on the line of observation track. Both presence and absence sites having an in-between distance of at least 100 m were used as training data. Expected presence/absence of a species was calculated according to similarity between the predictable location and selected observations (examples) of presence and absence sites. For each species, the machine learning system identified the best predictive sets by selecting the most useful variables out of 136 map and remote sensing features. Similarity-based estimations were evaluated both by training fit and by independent verification data. Reliability of the predictive maps was expressed also by usefulness ratios—the densities of validation find sites (1) in the predicted presence area relative to the density of those in the predicted absence area, and (2) relative to the share of the observation track in the predicted presence area and in the predicted absence area. The predictive mapping was most efficient for Dactylorhiza incarnata, D. russowii, Epipactis palustris, and Goodyera repens. We conclude that the profound coverage of observations on any larger area is unrealistic and the reliability of similarity-based predictive maps depends on the representativity of existing records relative to the diversity of the study area. The investigation showed that the studied species are much more common in nature than the records in the national database indicate.     

基于文献分析工具的国内水资源管理研究论文的可视化综述

以1991~2013年CNKI数据库收录的2 263篇国内水资源管理研究核心期刊论文为数据来源,利用文献计量学引文网络分析工具CiteSpace,绘制国内水资源管理研究的知识图谱。分析了我国水资源管理研究的时间分布、机构力量分布、作者分布、期刊分布、学科和基金分布以及研究热点和趋势。〖JP2〗结果显示：中国科学院和中国水利水电等科研系统实力较强,水利水电工程学、资源科学、环境科学与资源利用是文献分布的主要学科,国家自然科学基金、国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）等是主要基金来源,宏观层面的水资源管理制度和政策研究、流域综合管理和水资源的经济属性等是目前的研究热点,最严格水资源管理制度和水生态文明建设等内容将是未来一段时间的主题     

基于因子强关联分析方法的滑坡易发性评价

在滑坡易发性区划制图过程中,预测模型性能的优劣很大程度上取决于众多影响因子的选择和组合,如何选择滑坡影响因子以优化滑坡预测模型的性能是区域滑坡易发性评价的关键.本文提出一种基于强关联分析的Apriori算法,通过滑坡强关联分析来从预选的15个滑坡影响因子中选择诱发灾害可能性最高的因子进行组合,进而利用随机森林构建滑坡易...     

Classification and spatial mapping of riparian habitat with applications toward management of streams impacted by nonpoint source pollution

Management of riparian habitats has been recognized for its importance in reducing instream effects of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. By serving as a buffer, well structured riparian habitats can reduce nonpoint source impacts by filtering surface runoff from field to stream. A system has been developed where key characteristics of riparian habitat, vegetation type, height, width, riparian and shoreline bank slope, and land use are classified as discrete categorical units. This classification system recognizes seven riparian vegetation types, which are determined by dominant plant type. Riparian and shoreline bank slope, in addition to riparian width and height, each consist of five categories. Classification by discrete units allows for ready digitizing of information for production of spatial maps using a geographic information system (GIS). The classification system was tested for field efficiency on Tom Beall Creek watershed, an agriculturally impacted third-order stream in the Clearwater River drainage, Nez Perce County, Idaho, USA. The classification system was simple to use during field applications and provided a good inventory of riparian habitat. After successful field tests, spatial maps were produced for each component using the Professional Map Analysis Package (pMAP), a GIS program. With pMAP, a map describing general riparian habitat condition was produced by combining the maps of components of riparian habitat, and the condition map was integrated with a map of soil erosion potential in order to determine areas along the stream that are susceptible to nonpoint source pollution inputs. Integration of spatial maps of riparian classification and watershed characteristics has great potential as a tool for aiding in making management decisions for mitigating off-site impacts of agricultural nonpoint source pollution.     

Decision-tree and rule-induction approach to integration of remotely sensed and GIS data in mapping vegetation in disturbed or hilly environments

The integration of Landsat TM and environmental GIS data sets using artificial intelligence rule-induction and decision-tree analysis is shown to facilitate the production of vegetation maps with both floristic and structural information. This technique is particularly suited to vegetation mapping in disturbed or hilly environments that are unsuited to either conventional remote sensing methods or GIS modeling using environmental data bases.     

Mekong River Fish Conservation Zones in Southern Laos: Assessing Effectiveness Using Local Ecological Knowledge

Small-scale fisheries are important in Laos, where rural people heavily depend upon Mekong River and tributary fish stocks for their livelihoods. Increasing pressures from human exploitation and habitat disturbance, however, have raised serious concerns about the potential depletion of various species. This has led to the establishment of large numbers of Fish Conservation Zones (FCZs) or “no-take” fish sanctuaries in southern Laos based on a “community-based fisheries co-management” framework. This study uses the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers to assess the effectiveness of village-managed FCZs in enhancing fish stocks in the mainstream Mekong River in Khong District, Champasak Province. Focus group interviews about species that are believed to have benefited from different FCZs are compared with parameters such as FCZ area, age, depth, localized gradient, water velocity, and the presence of wetland forests nearby. The results suggest that no one aspect is likely to account for variations in fish stocks; rather, it is the interaction between numerous factors that has the largest impact. Secondly, the results indicate that microhabitat diversity and protection are critical for maintaining and enhancing Mekong fisheries. Deep-water pools are particularly important as dry season refuges for many fish species, and FCZ depth may be the single most important environmental factor affecting the success of FCZs in the Mekong River. FCZs have the most potential to benefit relatively sedentary species, but may also benefit highly migratory species, given the right conditions. This study shows that integrated approaches to stock assessment that employ LEK and scientific fisheries management have considerable potential for improving Mekong capture-fisheries management.     

不同制图比例尺土壤数据库对旱地磷储量估算的影响

陆地生态系统中的磷元素在土壤肥力保持和生态环境保护方面起着重要的作用,但以往国家或区域尺度磷储量估算并没有考虑不同尺度土壤数据库所造成的差异。文章以江苏北部29个县（市）390多万hm2旱地为例,分析了17 000多个图斑和963个剖面组成、能详尽反映土壤属性空间异质性的1∶50 000数据库与目前国内同类研究使用最多的1∶1 000 000和1∶4 000 000土壤数据库对磷储量估算的影响。结果表明,不同制图尺度土壤数据库估算的全磷密度和储量差异很大,1∶50 000土壤数据库下的全磷密度和储量分别为1.34 kg.m-3和10.52 Tg,而1∶1 000 000和1∶4 000 0002个土壤数据库下磷密度和储量分别为0.79 kg.m-3和6.02 Tg、0.77 kg.m-3和6.26 Tg,远小于1∶50 000土壤数据库的全磷密度和储量。从不同土壤类型看,褐土受制图比例尺影响最大,1∶1 000 000和1∶4 000 000土壤数据库下与1∶50 000土壤数据库全磷密度和储量相对偏差分别在80%~90%和7%~130%之间,面积最大的潮土在1∶1 000 000和1∶4 000 000土壤数据库下与1∶50 000全磷密度和储量相对偏差也分别达到38%~39%和21%~23%。从各个县（市）来看,1∶1 000 000和1∶4 000 000土壤数据库下与1∶50 000土壤数据全磷密度和储量相对偏差大多超过40%。这也说明使用不同制图尺度土壤数据库将对旱地磷储量和磷密度的估算结果造成很大的影响。因此,在今后的国家和区域尺度全磷密度和储量估算研究中使用更详细的土壤数据库是非常必要的。     

应用陆地卫星TM图象编制闽北土壤图(1:10万)的方法研究

以TM原图象合成的标准假彩色和似自然色图象作目视解译为主,根据土壤及其相关地物的野外光谱测定数据,分析其影象色调特征;用TM 7个波段原始黑白图象作对比解译,以预测不同地物的彩色合或效果并选择最佳合成方案;用TM6热红外图象作假彩色等密度分割处理,以提取随海而异的地面温度场和土壤类型垂直分带信息;用TM比值图象及其假彩色合成处理,以逐步增强并提取土壤信息;最后参照同比例尺地质图和地形图等相关资料,完成土壤图的编制。